tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-89488562676839723522024-03-28T00:32:07.016-07:00Momma Owl's LabRachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.comBlogger39125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-60185354026281230302013-09-03T16:35:00.000-07:002013-11-05T22:28:21.006-08:00DIY Constellation Tubes<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1xB5W5ZQAeOPHETpUvTUgn7FIUiCy-IJi3rfzT4vrN9h9TScPsWPHrtDogB-h5I6OEuSI_Fha0kkm6E3TPuzTc6OEHz_1B2R2kWCfJatc13hqlALSuTfi8Z1Pil_jzwEJY2i7udXn5WMw/s1600/Constellation+Tubes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1xB5W5ZQAeOPHETpUvTUgn7FIUiCy-IJi3rfzT4vrN9h9TScPsWPHrtDogB-h5I6OEuSI_Fha0kkm6E3TPuzTc6OEHz_1B2R2kWCfJatc13hqlALSuTfi8Z1Pil_jzwEJY2i7udXn5WMw/s320/Constellation+Tubes.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a data-pin-config="beside" data-pin-do="buttonPin" href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmommaowlslab.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F09%2Fdiy-constellation-tubes.html&media=http%3A%2F%2F4.bp.blogspot.com%2F-_LHUk7_U-rA%2FUiZxR3mA1XI%2FAAAAAAAAAv0%2FhRr-Bz-Pouw%2Fs1600%2FConstellation%2BTubes.jpg&description=DIY%20Constellation%20Tubes%20(Momma%20Owls%20Lab)"><img src="//assets.pinterest.com/images/pidgets/pin_it_button.png" /></a>
</div>
<br />
Somehow summer is over and I have no idea how that happened. Maybe its the weather - it's been hot, hot, hot and sticky for the last couple of weeks around here - but whatever it is, I am NOT ready! Regardless of my desire to stop time, my middle kiddo goes back to school tomorrow and my oldest has been in school for almost three weeks. (Which is still hard for me to wrap my mind around since we are so used to starting school after Labor Day.)<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
This year we compiled a "Summer Fun List" of around 30 things we wanted to do during the summer. (We still have several items on our Summer Fun List that we haven't completed, but I'm going to claim an extension until the autumnal equinox on September 22nd for those. Is that cheating?) This activity was inspired by one of the list items - "Go Stargazing". </div>
<div>
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
<div>
I found a site called <a href="http://liebacklookup.com/" target="_blank">Lie Back Look Up</a> that has a lot of great activities, including a printable star map for kids which I printed out and brought with us to the beach in early August. The girls were able to find a couple of the easier constellations (i.e. The Big Dipper) but were struggling with identifying the others. (I think its a bit like using a microscope with children. You may know what you are seeing, but the kids can't distinguish between an air bubble and an amoeba due to their limited experience.) </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/054713178X/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=054713178X&linkCode=as2&tag=moowsla-20" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=054713178X&Format=_SL110_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=US&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=moowsla-20" /></a>When we got home, I started thinking about ways to explore the constellations with them. I found an awesome book by HA Rey (the creator of Curious George) called <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/054713178X/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=054713178X&linkCode=as2&tag=moowsla-20" target="_blank">Find the Constellations</a>. I also saw quite a few constellation cards on Pinterest - check out my <a href="http://pinterest.com/recford/science-with-kids/" target="_blank">Science with Kids</a> board to see some of them. My favorite are <a href="http://liebacklookup.com/for-a-limited-time-constellation-cards-free-printable/" target="_blank">these</a> from <b><i>Lie Back, Look Up</i> </b>that includes information about each of the constellations on the back. We printed those, laminated them and stuck them on a key ring for future reference.<br />
<br />
Then I had a flashback to my own elementary school days and remembered making constellation tubes out of those black plastic film canisters. Since those are pretty few and far between these days (who uses film?!?) I thought we could make them using toilet paper tubes (one of my favorite things to <a href="http://mommaowlslab.blogspot.com/2012/04/happy-earth-day-we-love-earth-day-at.html" target="_blank">repurpose</a>). I found a few examples on the web, but no super clear instructions and since I did them completely wrong the first time, I figured it might be a good DIY project to write up in case other people have the same problems that I had. So, here it is. Let me know if you make them and have any feedback!!<br />
<br />
<a href="http://space.about.com/library/graphics/constellation_patterns.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://space.about.com/library/graphics/constellation_patterns.jpg" width="171" /></a><b>Step 1: </b> Print out the <a href="http://space.about.com/library/graphics/constellation_patterns.jpg" target="_blank">constellation patterns</a> from the About.com <a href="http://space.about.com/" target="_blank">Space</a> site. I think these may have originally been intended for use with the smaller film canisters because I found that I needed to print them at 120% size to match the approximate diameter of the toilet paper tube. The other key thing here is to make sure to select "<b>flip horizontally"</b> found under the 'layout' option in the print screen. I ended up with inverted constellations the first time because I didn't do this step. Because the words also end up flipped, I would print out an extra sheet not flipped so that you can use it as a reference. (I developed the ability to read upside down pretty well when I was teaching in the classroom but trying to read stuff flipped gives me a headache!)<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Step 2: </b>Gather the rest of your materials. We used the following:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6z3Sn2Am0_5TfHN7TPkk6h7eCujFeimGqs2L2tiCEQOx6UB-zvHAzvF1ZrrjAH36XFjnZnsyq2_E_jmX866MrdjqvJGaWYlsazBQJhbcMGgZNZpkafV9AHicUUwq74fjyLouVtHbM9eZc/s1600/DSC_5957.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6z3Sn2Am0_5TfHN7TPkk6h7eCujFeimGqs2L2tiCEQOx6UB-zvHAzvF1ZrrjAH36XFjnZnsyq2_E_jmX866MrdjqvJGaWYlsazBQJhbcMGgZNZpkafV9AHicUUwq74fjyLouVtHbM9eZc/s320/DSC_5957.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<ul>
<li>empty toilet paper tubes</li>
<li>glue stick</li>
<li>tape</li>
<li>scissors</li>
<li>black construction paper squares (4.5" x 4.5")</li>
<li>black sharpie marker</li>
<li><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000AN7FYG/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B000AN7FYG&linkCode=as2&tag=moowsla-20" target="_blank">giant push pin</a></li>
<li>cork board</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<b>Step 3: </b>Cut around the outside, dotted line around the constellation pattern. Glue to the center of the construction paper. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKQ4SSiHvB5FeLY_iGYsWkKmI0tM7oteGzo-Bv2kZjvkpaarw9Bo6F3d8yfqwgvT1ru_lpAX42IrzOxBIBTcMJKvMZWJu8iP3lHVHiAxWkrakUFLOvw4cc1BGATgAPI0zSIlHyqdSlyZG3/s1600/DSC_5958.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKQ4SSiHvB5FeLY_iGYsWkKmI0tM7oteGzo-Bv2kZjvkpaarw9Bo6F3d8yfqwgvT1ru_lpAX42IrzOxBIBTcMJKvMZWJu8iP3lHVHiAxWkrakUFLOvw4cc1BGATgAPI0zSIlHyqdSlyZG3/s320/DSC_5958.jpg" width="211" /></a></div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<b>Step 4:</b> Place the construction paper on the piece of cork board (I doubled it because my cork was fairly thin) and use the giant push pin to punch holes where the stars are located in the pattern.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjekHVeGZW4aKIaMPQnLK7frH0nmBhURS7qJRm9cpIrO2iPydPP5xstrthQ-S3_tL1wi7byKZz5tjGECUbiC6b_scned1_TK4Cv_QmE2GL2U_5GVr8cdoTk5vJ7-VxODwUmRAQtGxt-iGDD/s1600/DSC_5961.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjekHVeGZW4aKIaMPQnLK7frH0nmBhURS7qJRm9cpIrO2iPydPP5xstrthQ-S3_tL1wi7byKZz5tjGECUbiC6b_scned1_TK4Cv_QmE2GL2U_5GVr8cdoTk5vJ7-VxODwUmRAQtGxt-iGDD/s320/DSC_5961.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Step 5:</b> Trim around the square into a rough circle shape (it does not need to be perfect!!). Then make cuts from the outer edge of the construction paper into the center, but do not cut into the constellation pattern. This allows for easy attaching of the construction paper to the cardboard tube. I made cuts to divide the piece into 8 wedges - you could probably do more to make the fit even smoother, but I wouldn't do less. Prefold the wedges by holding the circle with your thumb on the edge of the white constellation paper and folding the wedge upwards. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5og0W0mFYi9-kFAA5uSTcwEWFGq13-QNOdXJJr8COfMh3upQEiLesjzFvnpN-zCCSLlZjO9C6Noparg6ADb5tX4e5gg4oTjQYhbtL02bW3nh0tnbD0NlzLJlXQ57-kv0FAQt3yju_NHAw/s1600/DSC_5963.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5og0W0mFYi9-kFAA5uSTcwEWFGq13-QNOdXJJr8COfMh3upQEiLesjzFvnpN-zCCSLlZjO9C6Noparg6ADb5tX4e5gg4oTjQYhbtL02bW3nh0tnbD0NlzLJlXQ57-kv0FAQt3yju_NHAw/s320/DSC_5963.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Step 6:</b> Center the constellation in the top of the cardboard tube and tape each wedge down. Start with the wedges opposite each other (i.e. 12 o'clock and 6 o'clock) then move on to the ones perpendicular to those (i.e. 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock). Finally tape the remaining 4 wedges down then go all the way around with another long piece of tape to add extra security. (You could also use duct tape here.)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSM9IN4jXrAVSbxAo5zraq2lfmbAc4lVlyDsViwb56SMPlT6zudOfuoR9hLTrC_gVy0r2Po8pUWaEZcyFMuhOI6S1NvadQyPNQ7dzZDtgrrxemL-aXb5-ovdaGqoPgTQVPC8q2kCHAtB-2/s1600/DSC_5964.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSM9IN4jXrAVSbxAo5zraq2lfmbAc4lVlyDsViwb56SMPlT6zudOfuoR9hLTrC_gVy0r2Po8pUWaEZcyFMuhOI6S1NvadQyPNQ7dzZDtgrrxemL-aXb5-ovdaGqoPgTQVPC8q2kCHAtB-2/s320/DSC_5964.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Step 7:</b> Using the sharpie marker, write the name of the constellation on the side of the tube. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Step 8:</b> Close one eye and use the other eye to look through the tube at the constellation pattern. Start by sharing the name of the constellation with your child and have them look through the tube at the pattern. As they get more comfortable with the patterns, do it the opposite way and see if they can tell you the name of the constellation after viewing the pattern.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim0RoM1heebi652leGaBDd8uH8erpOUKx98ldMbvetzPYNGiT4VtEIk_iRbum1IaAf5nAGF799jtKbyrOfa6rEa_pPFk0ITYvH2wwpGqsVXFoHK-TO_ZrL5tCr24Z2Oncv6E6PKTXi3q1P/s1600/DSC_5967.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim0RoM1heebi652leGaBDd8uH8erpOUKx98ldMbvetzPYNGiT4VtEIk_iRbum1IaAf5nAGF799jtKbyrOfa6rEa_pPFk0ITYvH2wwpGqsVXFoHK-TO_ZrL5tCr24Z2Oncv6E6PKTXi3q1P/s320/DSC_5967.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Step 9: </b>Because the tubes are fairly delicate, store them in a secure box. We chose to use a fairly thick shoe box. Also, because we only had enough rolls to make 4 constellation tubes to start, I put the extra patterns in the box as well so we could make more as we collected more empty toilet paper rolls.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1_EBYXfliLZEXqEHIGKr7OlAZvZXiDcKP1aKCgmLc6jgManXBeiNO5HF7rbqjE4GKG4_Y3iMOuibSjaaFN2N_5Y61iqwaVVAjpl1F9Ld8wb5kXDTlzO-OweQpDyVdTBDVbrWR0H7IAqB6/s1600/DSC_5969.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1_EBYXfliLZEXqEHIGKr7OlAZvZXiDcKP1aKCgmLc6jgManXBeiNO5HF7rbqjE4GKG4_Y3iMOuibSjaaFN2N_5Y61iqwaVVAjpl1F9Ld8wb5kXDTlzO-OweQpDyVdTBDVbrWR0H7IAqB6/s320/DSC_5969.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
<script src="//assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js" type="text/javascript"></script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com25tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-25564568554380583992013-03-20T23:54:00.000-07:002013-03-20T23:59:21.306-07:00Happy Spring! Equinox Cookies and a Book Share<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Oh, Happy Spring!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">We spent the day doing all things springy - spring crafts, spring baking, spring song... You get the idea. (The spring song was made up by Sydney, no less. And, it was cute. For the first half hour. Maybe for the first 10 minutes.)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1596436247/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=1596436247&linkCode=as2&tag=moowsla-20" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://ws.assoc-amazon.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=1596436247&Format=_SL110_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=US&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=moowsla-20" /></a>I wanted to share a lovely spring book that I found at the library. The charming illustrations and lyrical language remind me a bit of <a href="http://mommaowlslab.blogspot.com/2011/11/if-you-find-rock.html"><i>If You Find a Rock</i></a>, another favorite. The book is <a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/1596436247/ref=as_li_ss_til?tag=moowsla-20&camp=0&creative=0&linkCode=as4&creativeASIN=1596436247&adid=1KCSMR0B5R7KRTRZF96Q" target="_blank"><i>and then it's spring</i></a>, by Julie Fogliano and Erin E. Stead. It tells of a boy planting some seeds in his garden in the spring and then waiting. And waiting. And waiting some more. A few of my favorite lines:</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">"... and it is still brown,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">but a hopeful, very possible sort of brown,..." </span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">and</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">"please do not stomp here -</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">there are seeds</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">and they are trying"</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Lovely, right?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">We don't have quite the same level of brown at the start of spring here that I am used to in Michigan, but I can still visualize those little seeds trying. I'm still learning the rhythm of the seasons and I have to admit that its a fun kind of local education. And, don't worry, I'm sure we get our fair share of brown - probably the end of the summer when its 100 degrees and there hasn't been any rainfall in a month... I may have to write a parody. (Okay, my sister, Kate, may have to write it. She is a much better writer and way funnier than I.)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">I also wanted to share a fun treat that you can make with your kids to celebrate spring: <b>Spring Equinox Cookies</b>!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuWVTBNNJ2GveNspPtYEqNgQXFA77RtkMxbPPNSOXT5WFh5qWrTBbQ1TDRFki-3DQSazWqLHQczHyhLqu1iAR9TMTzwk56Kb_YMX-uD9SHxdVDy2KKrGGd4bR7bk42z8TaD7VabqPj35yl/s1600/Spring_Equinox_Cookies.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuWVTBNNJ2GveNspPtYEqNgQXFA77RtkMxbPPNSOXT5WFh5qWrTBbQ1TDRFki-3DQSazWqLHQczHyhLqu1iAR9TMTzwk56Kb_YMX-uD9SHxdVDy2KKrGGd4bR7bk42z8TaD7VabqPj35yl/s320/Spring_Equinox_Cookies.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">I'm actually surprised that more kitchen projects haven't made it onto this blog up to this point because my family are all bakers with a huge collection of recipes and an even larger sweet tooth. I have to laugh at the Pinkalicious story when she loses her sweet tooth and everything tastes terrible because I swear every tooth of mine is a sweet tooth. It's not necessarily a good thing.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">I digress.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgudb6_nGyghEnCREYwW0f3fYgodPd281xCN8jWLoEKfrY2zW12zlYO0YiMRMTltyiJxl0HmNOxdc5R4Hvp3s3Ar-zkZD73VX8mO3EIoetoF6TZC3EpNzaFzOBCBeyEs_AbkYjXNAX-QpW7/s1600/img_1020.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgudb6_nGyghEnCREYwW0f3fYgodPd281xCN8jWLoEKfrY2zW12zlYO0YiMRMTltyiJxl0HmNOxdc5R4Hvp3s3Ar-zkZD73VX8mO3EIoetoF6TZC3EpNzaFzOBCBeyEs_AbkYjXNAX-QpW7/s200/img_1020.JPG" width="200" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Source: <a href="http://www.kingarthurflour.com/blog/2009/08/25/pastrami-on-rye-a-dr-brown-and-oh-yeah-one-of-those-black-and-whites/" target="_blank">King Arthur Flour</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">These Spring Equinox Cookies are adapted from the King Arthur Flour recipe for "<a href="http://www.kingarthurflour.com/recipes/black-and-white-cookies-recipe" target="_blank">Black and White Cookies</a>", similar to those I grew up with in Upstate New York. The cookies I knew and loved were similar but with a chocolate base and we called them "Half Moon Cookies". I can still remember the taste of the ones purchased at the Home Dairy in Ithaca before it closed. I'm still so sad - it must have been because I went to college and couldn't indulge in my daily, er, I mean, weekly habit. (If you have a second, you should definitely read the <a href="http://www.kingarthurflour.com/blog/2009/08/25/pastrami-on-rye-a-dr-brown-and-oh-yeah-one-of-those-black-and-whites/" target="_blank">KAF blog post</a> associated with the recipe - anything with the phrase "fuggedaboutit" strongly featured is worth the read.)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">This version is perfect for spring with its light, lemony flavor. These cookies are smaller than the standard Black and Whites and I also took liberties with both the method of cooking (I used a <a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B004CYELQE/ref=as_li_ss_til?tag=moowsla-20&camp=0&creative=0&linkCode=as4&creativeASIN=B004CYELQE&adid=1FT3GCPVA506Y7PDPFP8" target="_blank">whoopie pie pan</a> to get the perfectly round shape) as well as the frosting. This was the biggest switch in my book as, in my humble opinion, the chocolate frosting is what makes the cookie. Oh well, its for the sake of science.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Speaking of science, when the cookies were done we were able to talk about the significance of the two different color frosting and how it relates to the equinox. The yellow represents day and the purple/pink (should have made it darker...) represents night. On the two equinoxes of each year, day and night are relatively equal. We talked a bit about how the earth moves around the sun during the course of the year and what happens during the solstices as well.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNAfj8gsREFqpFi3eVeHdo_ji6PV_TyU1MT8XXyKWi1Iw8McFhlCYWQHW1ifAascf0Xe1dfYyB7E2_lhw7aOB4kyjG5okl2AirEcN5ERqaLFL2SZityn_6t0a_XvSdliEusI5_cZgN22gb/s1600/IMG_6012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNAfj8gsREFqpFi3eVeHdo_ji6PV_TyU1MT8XXyKWi1Iw8McFhlCYWQHW1ifAascf0Xe1dfYyB7E2_lhw7aOB4kyjG5okl2AirEcN5ERqaLFL2SZityn_6t0a_XvSdliEusI5_cZgN22gb/s320/IMG_6012.jpg" width="240" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">I also found that baking these cookies were a good way to reinforce some math concepts for the girls. As we baked, Maya was able to practice some basic math skills and we worked on some fractions with Sydney. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Now that its spring, does that mean I have to devote myself to spring cleaning?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Fuggedaboutit.</span><br />
<br />
<a data-pin-config="beside" data-pin-do="buttonPin" href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmommaowlslab.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F03%2Fhappy-spring-equinox-cookies-and-book.html%23more&media=http%3A%2F%2F3.bp.blogspot.com%2F-Mfksm3LQum0%2FUUqmsVZcwfI%2FAAAAAAAAAss%2FKjfGDGiCHT0%2Fs320%2FSpring_Equinox_Cookies.jpg&description=Celebrate%20spring%20with%20Spring%20Equinox%20Cookies%20and%20a%20great%20spring%20book%20suggestion."><img src="//assets.pinterest.com/images/pidgets/pin_it_button.png" /></a>
<script src="//assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js" type="text/javascript"></script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com20tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-23334297853044096042013-03-12T23:49:00.000-07:002013-03-13T09:11:56.032-07:00Estimating and The Great Backyard Bird Count"Momma, do you know why George Washington is one of the best presidents?"<br />
<br />
This was from my eldest one after I picked her up from school a few weeks ago. With several accolades flying through my head - 1st president, Revolutionary War general, honest chopper of cherry trees - I let her continue her thought uninterrupted.<br />
<br />
"Because he gave us a day off school."<br />
<br />
Well, there is that, too.<br />
<br />
A highlight of President's weekend for our family each year is the Great Backyard Bird Count, a joint project of the Cornell University Lab of Ornithology and the Audubon Society. It's a great example of an accessible citizen science project that can be done with kids. For at least 15 minutes during the long weekend, contributors are asked to count the number of each type of bird they observe and submit it online at the <a href="http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc" target="_blank">GBBC website</a>. As the name indicates, many people conduct the count in their backyards, although others may do it at local parks or other public spaces.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a>Last year, Maya and I made bird seed ornaments with some friends in honor or the Great Backyard Bird Count and my girls dragged their plastic Adirondack chairs out to the feeders (which we had put on the border of the woods to protect our small visitors from the neighborhood Red Hawks) and conducted the count from there.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, after trying it in our new backyard for a short amount of time, we quickly realized that we were suffering from a lack of bird visitors. To be honest, we've been so busy getting settled in on the inside of the house, I really hadn't noticed how few birds were visiting outside. (Oh, how I miss our land!) Definitely something to be addressed in the near future...<br />
<br />
So, instead, we decided to do our count this year at the man-made lake in our development where we knew there were lots and lots of birds.<br />
<br />
Let me repeat that: lots and lots of birds.<br />
<br />
We went from one extreme (too few birds to count) to the other (too many birds to count). Actually, though, this became a great way to talk about a skill that scientists use every day - estimating population size. For example, a marine biologist may need to estimate the number of red algae in a given area of the ocean in order to investigate food scarcity and the survival rate of sea urchins. Similarly, a molecular biologist may need to estimate the number of cancerous cells in a tissue sample treated with different medications. <br />
<br />
A traditional way to make estimations is to divide up an area or volume, count the number of items inside one of the divisions and then multiply the number counted by the number of divisions. This is better shown visually. In the example below, a 4x4 grid of 16 squares is laid over the housing development pictured. To estimate the number of houses shown, count the number in one of the small squares, then multiply that by 16. I counted 20 houses in the circled square x 16 is approximately 320 houses in the picture below. Yes, you could count each and every house (at the risk of giving yourself a headache) but its much faster and easier to make an estimate of the population size. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrEUWQBMprOOs1fWyIq_ASFek-sUe8O7XRLC3l_KKOZwrVTgESA1RRn6iP9WguY2Hi3XIkuDFDOxhjsOcx73FEg6MB7zJAqOAmozKGkORCLlFvMIkYwNXxnrkB29RZ3y6sYjZ4NIp8nqw0/s1600/Estimating+Houses.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrEUWQBMprOOs1fWyIq_ASFek-sUe8O7XRLC3l_KKOZwrVTgESA1RRn6iP9WguY2Hi3XIkuDFDOxhjsOcx73FEg6MB7zJAqOAmozKGkORCLlFvMIkYwNXxnrkB29RZ3y6sYjZ4NIp8nqw0/s400/Estimating+Houses.png" width="385" /></a></div>
This works well with older children who understand the concepts of multiplication, but my oldest is not quite there yet. However, she is able to count by 10s. (And 5s - have you heard the song "<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0026I7G9M/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0026I7G9M&linkCode=as2&tag=moowsla-20" target="_blank">Counting by 5s</a>" by Little Miss Ann? Fair warning: it will get stuck in your head!)<br />
<br />
To estimate the population of the birds at the lake, we employed a somewhat different method using the idea of counting by 10s. We picked a small area of the water and counted 10 birds. Then we made a guess as to how many more circles of birds we could draw on the lake. Using the picture below as an example, there are 10 birds in the blue circle. We estimated that we could make about 5 more circles so in total we estimated that there were 60 birds.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirxh2l6hRZwG2vxDitzKUTUHp4V1NRvJ6VvxFZammzbIDaSAYFp7MCv5-40eaHPcI-ORiezeyFB3Yosx-g-AuPOA77XSFR8Dn1vHSGeve2YE_P3f1TB1ezG44AoC3rKQ9BQW9wo-LCKDI7/s1600/Estimating+Ducks.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirxh2l6hRZwG2vxDitzKUTUHp4V1NRvJ6VvxFZammzbIDaSAYFp7MCv5-40eaHPcI-ORiezeyFB3Yosx-g-AuPOA77XSFR8Dn1vHSGeve2YE_P3f1TB1ezG44AoC3rKQ9BQW9wo-LCKDI7/s320/Estimating+Ducks.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<i>Note</i>: In the picture there are two different kinds of birds. The small black ones with white bills are American Coots and they actually aren't ducks at all; they are more closely related to chickens which you will immediately see when they get out and walk on land! The larger black and white ducks are either Muscovy ducks or Muscovy x Mallard hybrids, I think. There were much fewer of these, so we counted them separately and then used the estimate we found for the American Coots.<br />
<br />
Missed the Count this year? You can submit observation data any time of year at <a href="http://ebird.org/content/ebird" target="_blank">eBird</a> that will be used to track bird populations by scientists all over the world. Citizen science is so cool!<br />
<br />
<a data-pin-config="beside" data-pin-do="buttonPin" href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmommaowlslab.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F03%2Festimating-and-great-backyard-bird-count.html&media=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-ckzsYO-1AoI%2FUUAWUOhRfaI%2FAAAAAAAAAsc%2FUe59uAF1bNs%2Fs320%2FEstimating%2BDucks.png&description=Estimate%20the%20number%20of%20birds%20(or%20anything%20else!)%20in%20an%20area%20by%20utilizing%20the%20skill%20of%20counting%20by%2010s.%20%20Great%20for%20younger%20kids%20that%20can%27t%20multiply%20yet."><img src="//assets.pinterest.com/images/pidgets/pin_it_button.png" /></a>
<script src="//assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js" type="text/javascript"></script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-68907228923972563092013-02-05T23:49:00.001-08:002013-02-06T21:55:53.019-08:00The Pine Cone Experiment<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8t0s_4S-y6uojswtGsI7tvBFjVIxd9rkp44wLUvanN8-iOgo1-Gvr3jTrTlJdyAgtRsP783JOJcQfZQatiPNdgG8b1SW3yBVfax0FLP_ytTbM4q7dOYkceAR1MbLol_RkK45DSr8Zdxl0/s1600/the+pine+cone+experiment.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8t0s_4S-y6uojswtGsI7tvBFjVIxd9rkp44wLUvanN8-iOgo1-Gvr3jTrTlJdyAgtRsP783JOJcQfZQatiPNdgG8b1SW3yBVfax0FLP_ytTbM4q7dOYkceAR1MbLol_RkK45DSr8Zdxl0/s320/the+pine+cone+experiment.jpg" width="212" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">One of the other things the girls have been collecting during our <a href="http://mommaowlslab.blogspot.com/2013/01/cool-app-project-noah.html">recent explorations</a> are pine cones. In our community, there are some beautiful and prolific pine trees that line the main thoroughfare. Have you ever noticed how pine cones change after a few days of rain? This is an easy experiment to do with very common (and free!) materials.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Materials Needed:</span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">pine cones, at least 8 - 10</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">small kitchen towel </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">container with water (we used a plastic storage container) </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">magnifying glass (optional) </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: large;">Process:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The first thing you need to do is collect your pine cones. No, safety helmets are not required attire. (Ha! I just had a hilarious image of pine trees shooting their cones at us to ward off my little nature collectors. Sorry... its late!) We just happened to do our collecting during one of our bike trips around the neighborhood. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf71lzQ5e_9_nEcwX2xGysI0j5zWKC6IYnpStpAKYf4wq3vU8nLSznwqLS4kR1lfCT3CRbZ5wat1XxGbXinN5lhAzn-xxYsWl4yJ33uJYzRXCzEd3fqmBQxJ7dq5D1S066bGKE6tDEf39z/s1600/photo(1).JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf71lzQ5e_9_nEcwX2xGysI0j5zWKC6IYnpStpAKYf4wq3vU8nLSznwqLS4kR1lfCT3CRbZ5wat1XxGbXinN5lhAzn-xxYsWl4yJ33uJYzRXCzEd3fqmBQxJ7dq5D1S066bGKE6tDEf39z/s320/photo(1).JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Encourage your child to find a variety of pine cones; small to large and closed to open. For the experiment, you really just need open pine cones, but your child will get more out of the sorting process if they have a variety with which to work. It is best to do this when there have been a few dry days in a row so that the mature pine cones are open. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Once you have collected your pine cones have your child sort them into piles with similar characteristics. Guide them to sorting out the open pines cones (like those on the right in the picture below) from the closed pine cones (like those on the left in the picture below). They could also sort based on other characteristics such as length, color, etc. in addition to the open/closed. If you have picked pine cones from different trees then the cones may help you identify them, along with observations of the number of needles in each cluster, length of the needles or cones (great practice in measurement!), color, etc. (Here's a <a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CDUQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Farnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu%2Fpdf%2Farticles%2F1951-11--simple-key-to-the-pines.pdf&ei=SfMRUcnBNcTAigLFmYHQBA&usg=AFQjCNForq4WoRh4qqPhtYSzPpH9v4C_MQ&sig2=7t3iKC36hhS67Ok_P9Jr6A&bvm=bv.41934586,d.cGE" target="_blank">key</a> (pdf) that may help.) The closed pine cones are ones that are not mature yet; the maturation process takes anywhere from 1 to 3 years depending on the type of pine and weather conditions.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6OrnTuQP8DP1CC8j-pba5Ihn2_iay5oL5JpGxDcBuR6w2VQW71PdDbYjOJmVGl1BjKrmWtJ8dNSgiYfX96tgraW04t6j78teKBFUdB-hWRxm6-o6LdcAAjtM85hwQlhjEPj2kyZ69flSk/s1600/DSC_0180.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6OrnTuQP8DP1CC8j-pba5Ihn2_iay5oL5JpGxDcBuR6w2VQW71PdDbYjOJmVGl1BjKrmWtJ8dNSgiYfX96tgraW04t6j78teKBFUdB-hWRxm6-o6LdcAAjtM85hwQlhjEPj2kyZ69flSk/s320/DSC_0180.JPG" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">My girls were a bit confused about which part of the pine cone was the seed or if the whole pine cone was considered the seed. Pine cone seeds are found in pairs under each of the scales of the pine cone (except the top and bottom ones, where are too small). They are interesting, often winged seeds (similar to maples) that rely on the wind for <a href="http://mommaowlslab.blogspot.com/2011/10/science-thursday-seed-dispersal.html">seed dispersal</a>. </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5sqT0G_HB3AuO26Z9ca1XHofw8HHGt6FcoLUiq0S3xtR0K8w1au0METJff6aIzVwzU-KCdhG0cZov4QYbUDK4F9aA_iO2UM5-FHbs-ZZZoOzGQKB-JNr3yXF5Uj_lhbdY-pLqjHadVE5_/s1600/labeled+pine+cone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5sqT0G_HB3AuO26Z9ca1XHofw8HHGt6FcoLUiq0S3xtR0K8w1au0METJff6aIzVwzU-KCdhG0cZov4QYbUDK4F9aA_iO2UM5-FHbs-ZZZoOzGQKB-JNr3yXF5Uj_lhbdY-pLqjHadVE5_/s320/labeled+pine+cone.jpg" width="212" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">To get a better idea of the seed, take a kitchen towel and place the pine cone inside. Then, carefully twist the pine cone back and forth a few times. Open the towel and you should see some of the seeds have been released. Have your child examine it (with the magnifying glass if they prefer) and then let it fly so you can also observe how it travels in the air.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD2OCjtSWBbSi5Y16a5qjQ-jso2ucqSavPop-ydfBW9UlHpONolnQQwCU5jom65deNvTxg4JQ2Lk17AQSl18jlHVbYASVRw3xTku3QDefSsJLg6v_CYDEzeWeK2nr18ycatZz22FoqltuC/s1600/DSC_0182.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD2OCjtSWBbSi5Y16a5qjQ-jso2ucqSavPop-ydfBW9UlHpONolnQQwCU5jom65deNvTxg4JQ2Lk17AQSl18jlHVbYASVRw3xTku3QDefSsJLg6v_CYDEzeWeK2nr18ycatZz22FoqltuC/s320/DSC_0182.JPG" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Now for the water! Take a few of your open pine cones and place them in a container of water for at least an hour. Have your child describe what the pine cones look like at the beginning and/or write it down in their science journal. Also have them make a prediction of what they think will happen. Make sure to keep at least one open pine cone nearby (not in the water) so that you can use it as a comparison.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxyi5A_rmAbuxC3wPQ3ezxX29djeBcdXiRY653JC2Ip3xW4YomGr58lmVWl7zdmwdGsMdIOfjHDbg-TdN958KReWac0We5ZBrasmQgbe1qL16OOOrp9X7JHLl9YMmuRBoPiG-z-72mLeP-/s1600/DSC_0181.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxyi5A_rmAbuxC3wPQ3ezxX29djeBcdXiRY653JC2Ip3xW4YomGr58lmVWl7zdmwdGsMdIOfjHDbg-TdN958KReWac0We5ZBrasmQgbe1qL16OOOrp9X7JHLl9YMmuRBoPiG-z-72mLeP-/s320/DSC_0181.JPG" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Ta da! The open pine cone has magically become a closed pine cone! Okay, not quite magic - it's science!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvzART65dfi3Al7zUTq4yJo7F7g-Nh9xxuPzPyKekp2NVbSc7LFHVORsHHtjcJ_tFsmmhwqSCKTAi-n7hwIS6GSuCAmqgmoy89W0qXWWm5LEId3mv92R62VzN_UdhMXJbfLbaWbkWvVMT8/s1600/DSC_0188.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvzART65dfi3Al7zUTq4yJo7F7g-Nh9xxuPzPyKekp2NVbSc7LFHVORsHHtjcJ_tFsmmhwqSCKTAi-n7hwIS6GSuCAmqgmoy89W0qXWWm5LEId3mv92R62VzN_UdhMXJbfLbaWbkWvVMT8/s320/DSC_0188.JPG" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Have your child make observations of the pine cone and evaluate their earlier prediction. Also have them infer as to why they think the pine cone closes when exposed to water. You can then take the pine cone out of the water and leave it to dry. Depending on the weather conditions, it may take a few days to dry out - or you can hurry it along by placing it in the sun or even using a hair dryer.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Science Talk:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">This is a great example of an adaptation, or a characteristic that has evolved to give better odds of survival for an individual or its offspring. Wet weather causes the base of each scale to swell, resulting in the scale itself curving inward. This action causes the pine cone to "close" and protect its seeds. Remember that the pine cone seeds are often dispersed by wind. The advantage to closing during times of wet weather is to prevent the seeds from being released when it would be more difficult for the seed to travel any distance. When the pine cone dries out, its scales will reopen and seeds are then able to be dispersed into the environment.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Extensions:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Can't find any pine cones or just want to see the phenomenon <i>rightnow</i>? Check out this <a href="http://youtu.be/pkqkQFo5lpQ" target="_blank">YouTube video</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Once you've done the experiment, don't dispose of the pine cone! You could use it to make a Pine Cone Bird Feeder by smearing it in peanut butter and then rolling it in birdseed. Or, check out these <a href="http://pinterest.com/search/boards/?q=pine+cone+art" target="_blank">Pinterest boards</a> devoted to the Art of the Pine Cone.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">For older kids, consider making a pine cone hygrometer - a device that can measure the relative humidity of the air. Check out the instructions found on the <a href="http://thehappyscientist.com/science-experiment/pinecone-weather" target="_blank">Happy Scientist</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">Science Process Skills Used In This Activity:</span></span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table bgcolor="FFFFFF" border="5" bordercolor="6699FF" style="width: 600px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Observing</b></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Communicating</b></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Classifying</b></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Measuring</b></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Inferring</b></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Predicting</b></span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Visit the science process skills <a href="http://mommaowlslab.blogspot.com/p/science-process-skills.html" target="_blank">page</a> for more information on the different skills.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">I
hope you enjoy this activity! If you try it, please leave me a
comment and share how it goes! Also, please share any ideas for
extensions for this project in the comments section below. Thanks! :)</span><br />
<br />
<a class="pin-it-button" count-layout="horizontal" href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmommaowlslab.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F02%2Fthe-pine-cone-experiment.html%23more&media=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-19l6Q2rPRSs%2FURHxb1cIoiI%2FAAAAAAAAAq0%2Fm9D4si7-8XQ%2Fs320%2Fthe%2Bpine%2Bcone%2Bexperiment.jpg&description=Explore%20the%20structure%20of%20a%20pine%20cone%20-%20examine%20the%20seeds%20and%20experiment%20with%20what%20happens%20to%20a%20pine%20cone%20when%20exposed%20to%20water." style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="//assets.pinterest.com/images/PinExt.png" style="cursor: move;" title="Pin It" /></a></div>
<a href="http://i1069.photobucket.com/albums/u466/djSTEMmom/LinkySquareLogo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://i1069.photobucket.com/albums/u466/djSTEMmom/LinkySquareLogo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="STEM Mom Linky" border="0" src=" http://i1069.photobucket.com/albums/u466/djSTEMmom/LinkySquareLogo.jpg " style="border: 0px none;" /></a>
<script src="//assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-76769252962501169322013-01-20T23:41:00.002-08:002013-01-21T09:20:11.828-08:00Cool App: Project NoahWe are slowly getting settled in Southern California and I... mean.... sloooooowlyyyyyy. I suppose that is to be expected when I am simultaneously trying to unpack a home and act as the primary caregiver for three little girls. It seems most days I make some progress in one area of the house and the girls are systematically creating chaos in another part.<br />
<br />
Systematic chaos? Now, who's being dramatic? Fine, I admit it. But, someone out there sympathizes. Right?<br />
<br />
And, our welcome has been a bit chilly thus far. Not from the neighbors, who seem lovely, but from the weather. Southern California has just experienced a massive cold snap; we even had frost on the car windows for several mornings in a row. My father, hearing me say that it was "cold" here, sent me this picture:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPowpnf34bL0yeO38stxn3QayYX_Ezr6WDumSUjPeoiehyphenhyphen6LhyphenhyphenWahWWks7_JYKpMNHVl7LbOBeOXwgU4oCI4L9NoNvWaAwt9T09IXTZUNx4wuhZI3GJeJ_TjRVphrLldcqfkphLP6LHrt5/s1600/-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPowpnf34bL0yeO38stxn3QayYX_Ezr6WDumSUjPeoiehyphenhyphen6LhyphenhyphenWahWWks7_JYKpMNHVl7LbOBeOXwgU4oCI4L9NoNvWaAwt9T09IXTZUNx4wuhZI3GJeJ_TjRVphrLldcqfkphLP6LHrt5/s320/-2.jpg" width="225" /></a></div>
<br />
Ha! I was beginning to worry that we had somehow brought the cold weather with us from Michigan. Not to mention the fact that I think I oh-so-generously bestowed upon my northern friends all manner of cold weather equipment like ice scrapers. Or, maybe they are in the filled-to-overflowing garage. Let's not even go there...<br />
<br />
We've had a bit of a delay getting our oldest into kindergarten (the schools around here are not dissimilar to our garage), but that's given us more opportunity to explore the new neighborhood. And, Explorers we have been! We have four parks within a 10-20 minute walk or bike ride. (How cool is that?) Along the way, we have been collecting leaves and seeds from the local flora that the girls promptly stick into their bike's little pack.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAdKYPzD5IxrLqqqj-a9XuZAmG3fwPcJj35IVKTVh4RpU67ttD7NkrLoHTeQTUYoc5Y-G6nmUVxNNl2cJP8HU3qwJBnnDpc_ymB6tb1jVfNrnioHLa38TtY4mCnNmJrU-NgCe-d6ETqFCR/s1600/photo.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAdKYPzD5IxrLqqqj-a9XuZAmG3fwPcJj35IVKTVh4RpU67ttD7NkrLoHTeQTUYoc5Y-G6nmUVxNNl2cJP8HU3qwJBnnDpc_ymB6tb1jVfNrnioHLa38TtY4mCnNmJrU-NgCe-d6ETqFCR/s320/photo.JPG" width="222" /></a></div>
<br />
The only problem is that, to be honest, many of the plants looks quite foreign to me. Luckily, I remembered a great (free!) app I downloaded a while ago called "Project Noah". <i>(Note: I have it on my iPhone but they also have an Android version.)</i> From the Project Noah website: <br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><i>Our ultimate goal is to build the go-to platform for documenting all the
world’s organisms, and through doing this we hope to develop an
effective way to measure Mother Nature’s pulse. </i></b><br />
<br />
I just love the phrase, "...measure Mother Nature's pulse". <br />
<br />
Anyway, the girls have been collecting a cool looking seed from a tree near our house - spherical, brown, about 1 1/2" in diameter with spikes and holes all over it.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Sweetgum_Seed_closeup.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Sweetgum_Seed_closeup.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Source: wikipedia</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
We collected many of them as well as a few of the remaining leaves - it was tough to find one that was really photogenic as the tree is currently dormant (yes, there are seasons in SoCal!). When you log in, you can create a "spotting" that includes both photos (up to 5) as well as notes or a description. If you know the organism, common or scientific name, you can add that when you create the record. If, like us, you don't know what it is, you can mention that in the note. Here's a screen shot of the spotting I created:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjECSEg2V4UWi0g_niKct-lIaPDk9D5jEcMy1jGFAy6zTFo7Fy5vJmG_UEiC1Hk0OOZv_n8R84fCYmEJWTJElI0jjJJy4t-3FX3WgcgDyfUNeuM6HK2lBSWRmfKs55q0i4fbEnKljRlD1-W/s1600/photo.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjECSEg2V4UWi0g_niKct-lIaPDk9D5jEcMy1jGFAy6zTFo7Fy5vJmG_UEiC1Hk0OOZv_n8R84fCYmEJWTJElI0jjJJy4t-3FX3WgcgDyfUNeuM6HK2lBSWRmfKs55q0i4fbEnKljRlD1-W/s320/photo.PNG" width="213" /></a> </div>
<br />
As we didn't know what it was, I was able to indicate that and added that in the note about the organism and within 48 hours, I had a species suggestion from a fellow Project Noah user: Sweetgum tree (<i>Liquidambar sytraciflua</i>). You can check out <a href="http://www.projectnoah.org/spottings/17357070" target="_blank">this</a> spotting as well as our spottings of the <a href="http://www.projectnoah.org/spottings/11299010" target="_blank">Ctenucha moth larvae</a>, <a href="http://www.projectnoah.org/spottings/12012683" target="_blank">a monarch butterfly</a>, and a <a href="http://www.projectnoah.org/spottings/11835028" target="_blank">luna moth</a> from this summer.<br />
<br />
This is such a great tool for citizen science! Spottings can be added to "missions", such as "Birds of the World" or "Global Urban Biodiversity". There are also the "BioBlitz" in which participants identify and count all the organisms found in a given area, say Rocky Mountain State Park. You can also create your own mission - this would be really cool to do in a school, nature center or homeschool setting! Maybe we should do a BioBlitz of our new backyard!<br />
<br />
Other tools on the website and mobile application include a map on which you can search for spottings in your local area or by types of organisms. It's pretty cool to see the spottings that are posted from all over the world. You can also share your spotting via Facebook or Twitter and connect to friends that are also also using Project Noah. <br />
<br />
We have lots more to learn about our new community. In the meantime, we have added the collected sweetgum seeds to our new Nature Jar on our mantle. We haven't quite figured out where to put our Nature Table, especially with a very mobile and curious 10 month old, but seeing it up there every day is a great reminder of the beauty and adventure awaiting us. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHa3JM1JVPv0209D9c3pxOJikBM3et8nnSwekHMymBesVqittDgn7I4oTaRXfQkPzpBltvcLc2G5iOSl3T6FaH3Vl3dth4JnMzoAhYBIqi_QZ19WSGSO3dNHDq9VUE-cmejcX-0RsUuGeM/s1600/photo(1).JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHa3JM1JVPv0209D9c3pxOJikBM3et8nnSwekHMymBesVqittDgn7I4oTaRXfQkPzpBltvcLc2G5iOSl3T6FaH3Vl3dth4JnMzoAhYBIqi_QZ19WSGSO3dNHDq9VUE-cmejcX-0RsUuGeM/s320/photo(1).JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Do you use Project Noah? If you do, please let me know as I'd love to connect!<br />
<br />
<a class="pin-it-button" count-layout="horizontal" href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmommaowlslab.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fcool-app-project-noah.html&media=http%3A%2F%2F4.bp.blogspot.com%2F-emEe53U59uY%2FUPzoBYL-uLI%2FAAAAAAAAAp8%2F-x0xvHdcO0U%2Fs320%2Fphoto.PNG&description=Become%20a%20citizen%20scientist!%20%20Use%20the%20free%20Project%20Noah%20app%20to%20identify%20and%20categorize%20organisms%20in%20your%20backyard%2C%20at%20your%20school%20or%20in%20your%20community."><img border="0" src="//assets.pinterest.com/images/PinExt.png" title="Pin It" /></a>
<script src="//assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js" type="text/javascript"></script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-89529157381995526442012-10-17T20:36:00.000-07:002012-10-18T17:55:51.133-07:00Our Favorite Trees<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe3jzysLyB9aWg_-E2gCe7ZJOP7gF8FoRBbjEoIfetNmrw6GEl2ID3ZzhGsRuPgvfBhXdTpCSGZuxopfnPU7Mbbw3gVCiXFHCnLd-2US1vihGUO23yX0IMPYg2pEKznDrGA3eUeqmdHIvR/s1600/our+favorite+trees.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe3jzysLyB9aWg_-E2gCe7ZJOP7gF8FoRBbjEoIfetNmrw6GEl2ID3ZzhGsRuPgvfBhXdTpCSGZuxopfnPU7Mbbw3gVCiXFHCnLd-2US1vihGUO23yX0IMPYg2pEKznDrGA3eUeqmdHIvR/s320/our+favorite+trees.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
As I mentioned last week, my family and I have a big move ahead of us and we are getting a bit sentimental about leaving this area. While we are very excited about the opportunity to move west, it is a bit bittersweet as big moves tend to be. We've made some amazing friends, especially over the last couple of years as our girls have entered school. We also have an idyllic piece of property - one in which we feel completely comfortable letting the kids and dog roam and explore the many natural treasures found on it. (Okay, so sometimes I'm not so happy with the "treasures" that the dog finds...)<br />
<br />
This past weekend, my husband had the idea of documenting our favorite trees on the property. So, Sunday afternoon we went on a ramble and each of us picked out favorite tree and took pictures with it. We also had to share why it was our favorite tree - I thought the girls' answers would be a fun thing to look back on in the future. As this blog is as much a place for me to document some of our family's activities as well as a place to share fun science things to do, I thought I would share.<br />
<br />
If you want to do this, its helpful to have a way to identify the
trees. There are several good pocket guides (I like any of the Peterson
ones) as well as apps (such as from the National Audubon Society). I
had a few other resources listed in our <a href="http://mommaowlslab.blogspot.com/2011/10/science-thursday-seed-hunt.html" target="_blank">seed hunt</a> activity from last fall and recently found the <a href="http://forestry.about.com/od/treeidentification/tp/tree_key_id_start.htm" target="_blank">Tree Leaf Key</a>
from About.com which does a pretty good job describing the
characteristics of the different leaves. Another thing you can do is
visit a local arboretum, park or college campus that has identified and
labelled many of the trees for you. It would be great fun to document your child in front of their favorite tree each year to see how each has grown over the years.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: large;">Leaf Rubbings </span><br />
We also collected some of
the fallen leaves from each of the trees and later in the week made some
leaf rubbings. We had a little experiment with the best way to do the
rubbing because Sydney wanted to use colored pencils, Maya wanted to
color over it with a crayon and I suggested using the crayon on its
side. We also tried different colors to see which came out more clearly
and tried both sides of the leaf. The verdict? As most of you already
know, crayons on their side, darker colors and the back side of the
leaf.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheDezbC46sEy3oUSztDhLkLa7wlfLHBLMzTBX1qXm4B79r1NP8G21OlXJCdYpt8j4ndkLmOmLjE-LvpPJJwebS64K4JiLQTJqsWrjnmrRI3Ms_hRUHcgprdOHaieWqhM1oyGxmBDy3y0FM/s1600/DSC_0019.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheDezbC46sEy3oUSztDhLkLa7wlfLHBLMzTBX1qXm4B79r1NP8G21OlXJCdYpt8j4ndkLmOmLjE-LvpPJJwebS64K4JiLQTJqsWrjnmrRI3Ms_hRUHcgprdOHaieWqhM1oyGxmBDy3y0FM/s320/DSC_0019.jpg" width="212" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJBgn29fJyuHAhnxxeE7N6-V8xauJquW0hwgUu6e0a56ufjZjP4CRfyepiPpfEMNKgZiCb2KXIMQOxjQs0LLQ_-dgZhjzNnATEQPjQc1rDu6SZA3GA4Yo6uzbPbpv8SZqqab9YeWlkpilN/s1600/DSC_0024.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJBgn29fJyuHAhnxxeE7N6-V8xauJquW0hwgUu6e0a56ufjZjP4CRfyepiPpfEMNKgZiCb2KXIMQOxjQs0LLQ_-dgZhjzNnATEQPjQc1rDu6SZA3GA4Yo6uzbPbpv8SZqqab9YeWlkpilN/s320/DSC_0024.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Our Favorite Trees </span><br />
Maya's favorite tree is the big oak at the bottom of our driveway. She loves collecting the leaves and acorns from it when we walk to get the mail every day. The solid, old oak is actually a pretty appropriate choice given her personality, "it's <i>HUGE</i>!".<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT0nqh6atWgpTbAYTLtYP9INtyPstOAZ1KDleh6MEVZVW60BqIy-JnoeFjvFoc7KcjY-aHhvRI-LpPFel9LEwqA6OG2MlPXBjQ86JSkbxEOtEvoRw-4wSLlLAmsRkboIT-1F1kvhYSHmyy/s1600/DSC_0008.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT0nqh6atWgpTbAYTLtYP9INtyPstOAZ1KDleh6MEVZVW60BqIy-JnoeFjvFoc7KcjY-aHhvRI-LpPFel9LEwqA6OG2MlPXBjQ86JSkbxEOtEvoRw-4wSLlLAmsRkboIT-1F1kvhYSHmyy/s320/DSC_0008.jpg" width="212" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_twU8EXrxBhg_gUMwNsljS1KqUslxnydlOdjuBC1hkTrZnU_IDRFWBh-HLC-ZceWYgTYr0rxO91MUT0fGTZ3xoMm5B09WDG1XS8vU2orlLYVxgreQu-3pD7DiqcmRaQCGproNAJfyHNsc/s1600/DSC_0010.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_twU8EXrxBhg_gUMwNsljS1KqUslxnydlOdjuBC1hkTrZnU_IDRFWBh-HLC-ZceWYgTYr0rxO91MUT0fGTZ3xoMm5B09WDG1XS8vU2orlLYVxgreQu-3pD7DiqcmRaQCGproNAJfyHNsc/s320/DSC_0010.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Sydney's favorite tree is the "moon tree" in one of the forested areas on our property. As you can see from the picture, she loves to "ride the moon". There were very, very few leaves left on it and we are guessing it is either a pear or an elm but I may have to phone a friend in on this one. (Amy, are you reading this?)<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwrvZ4HzbG-l9yes07EwDT5iMX_V8EtlPKPEi8h2WrUWW-6E1dxcn1CmGrFiNxrTinpfDXcfCF2uxgjbv3KdfXKH93PNdAXHQgCmqqBSYwYe1Bzk_B2YXXB6zy_kUAY4sHZ95e6kFRZf3Z/s1600/DSC_0028.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwrvZ4HzbG-l9yes07EwDT5iMX_V8EtlPKPEi8h2WrUWW-6E1dxcn1CmGrFiNxrTinpfDXcfCF2uxgjbv3KdfXKH93PNdAXHQgCmqqBSYwYe1Bzk_B2YXXB6zy_kUAY4sHZ95e6kFRZf3Z/s320/DSC_0028.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<br />
The girls decided that Gabby's favorite is another oak, this one down in the valley that has a path mowed around it. Classic strategy here - they wanted to pick a different tree as their own but love to run around this oak, so assigned it to Gabby.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRXmfVkINprW970GfheU65iGl51PKJl7J07RN24p-KgezG1vgRJL7eUOXlZGtYbnK146XOpWlVy4TGbczKf4pdjfH9xv7QrMu5CxuE8jwvSWBMCqAsKyGzOMtdDZu2XqiVu3bdhQ74d8_d/s1600/DSC_0020.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRXmfVkINprW970GfheU65iGl51PKJl7J07RN24p-KgezG1vgRJL7eUOXlZGtYbnK146XOpWlVy4TGbczKf4pdjfH9xv7QrMu5CxuE8jwvSWBMCqAsKyGzOMtdDZu2XqiVu3bdhQ74d8_d/s320/DSC_0020.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
My favorite is a Juneberry by the front entrance. When I was younger, I used to always joke that I wanted a flowering tree right by my front door. Lo and behold, the first spring after we moved in the tree burst into beautiful white blooms and I was so excited about it. (It's the little things, people.) It is also a native to the region and the birds love it - both for the berries and as a place to build nests.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjvIA8aGIW2V3k4Sril6QMssj3eMHGnH8i0roF_flbE8kUfkWQrmnOl4zY7IJ8UU9YdvtVlgtRybEnu1hfJ4luOI3vPTUeq2zHN12cvEENReW9qq1-Dx0XKTQJHtLrcVjXAMxqSs96BepX/s1600/DSC_0039.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjvIA8aGIW2V3k4Sril6QMssj3eMHGnH8i0roF_flbE8kUfkWQrmnOl4zY7IJ8UU9YdvtVlgtRybEnu1hfJ4luOI3vPTUeq2zHN12cvEENReW9qq1-Dx0XKTQJHtLrcVjXAMxqSs96BepX/s320/DSC_0039.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<br />
Michael's favorite is a beautiful sugar maple that is just beyond the edge of our "lawn". (We also call it our "mixed greens".) We debated several times over the years whether we should take it down as its somewhat dwarfing a japanese maple that is in front of it and blocking the view down the valley but we just couldn't do it. I'm glad.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3VCV8gixRbbZSljz60hKtjaDkaF7KoPaYKIyJpsQ2n5pWwDKfaONq83-28V-WXd_KcQttWqvFQq1FWLnuYZda4Tdlw3PT4UExM-6aGrdiphGI6fodjqAp5y_oaYiWHCT_PdKbtAlMljlR/s1600/DSC_0032.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3VCV8gixRbbZSljz60hKtjaDkaF7KoPaYKIyJpsQ2n5pWwDKfaONq83-28V-WXd_KcQttWqvFQq1FWLnuYZda4Tdlw3PT4UExM-6aGrdiphGI6fodjqAp5y_oaYiWHCT_PdKbtAlMljlR/s320/DSC_0032.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<br />
And, Dante's favorite tree? Yup, we picked one for him. A gnarly old apple tree in the woods. In the years when it bears fruit (most), we would always grab a couple of the little, pitted apples from it as we walked by. He'd danced around us as we walked up to the area of long grass until we tossed the apple as far as we could and then he'd rocket after it. He would find it in the long grass every time. Every. Time.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9w8yk7yg7HNhayA0f1LXB2Kh3G-uM4Y58Hh4BPYtmMQYXy4YcQ3LiYQtODIssomzN2GSotzPuC1nST6Gufc-LQoACivWZVKvlPSkJCRjWBxUc05aK0yeSiv_XfVsB6-kgPUVp_iH5Bvg4/s1600/DSC_0023.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9w8yk7yg7HNhayA0f1LXB2Kh3G-uM4Y58Hh4BPYtmMQYXy4YcQ3LiYQtODIssomzN2GSotzPuC1nST6Gufc-LQoACivWZVKvlPSkJCRjWBxUc05aK0yeSiv_XfVsB6-kgPUVp_iH5Bvg4/s320/DSC_0023.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<br />
Eventually, I'd like to compile all this into a photo book to remind the girls of the beauty at the home where they were born. Until then, I'll be happy that I wrote this even though its a bit of a departure from the usual Momma Owl stuff. I'll be more "science-y" next week. I promise.<br />
<br />
<a class="pin-it-button" count-layout="horizontal" href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmommaowlslab.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F10%2Four-favorite-trees.html&media=http%3A%2F%2F4.bp.blogspot.com%2F-LDHNyZya_1s%2FUH9mGeK03tI%2FAAAAAAAAAmM%2FdQPJ8P8qJPc%2Fs320%2Four%2Bfavorite%2Btrees.jpg&description=Document%20your%20favorite%20trees%20on%20your%20property%20or%20at%20a%20special%20place."><img border="0" src="//assets.pinterest.com/images/PinExt.png" title="Pin It" /></a>
<script src="//assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js" type="text/javascript"></script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-9964360485366593192012-10-08T19:13:00.002-07:002013-09-03T21:15:43.523-07:00Weathering and Erosion with Found Rocks<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Yoohoo? Hello?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Hi. It's me again.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">School is back in session, the leaves are turning color and I have a huge variety of science activities rolling around in my brain that I am ready to share! Sorry for the prolonged absence... this summer became more than a bit crazy for our family. <i> </i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">In June, we were strongly considering putting our house on the market and started to do some of those little projects that have been hanging around for a little (long) while. In July, my husband quit his job to pursue an exciting start-up company so then we really <i>did</i> have to put our house on the market. (Which is not an easy feat with three young kids - thank you, thank you to my family and friends that helped us out so much!) We got the house on the market in early August, sold it in early September, and are closing this week. We make our official move in early November. Oh, and did I mention this is not a small move... we are moving to California! I think that phrase, "Life is a moving target", was invented for me this past summer!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Anyway, this activity evolved while we were in California looking for a new community in which to call home. (We are moving to the San Diego area.) We stayed for a week in two different locales and spent time each day exploring the area's offerings, from parks to restaurants. And, of course we spent one day at the beach! My little rock hunters continued their collecting ways and found a couple of rocks at the beach as well as a few at some of the more mountainous hikes that we took. I was struck in the very clear difference due to weathering between the rocks and allowed the girls to take them home so we could do an activity with them.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Note</i>: And, yes, I do believe in the idea of <i>Leave Only Footprints - </i>and got lectures by both my hubby and best friend when I let the girls take their rocks home. I hereby promise to return the rocks to their rightful homes once we move. (Happy, M & H?)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">Materials Needed:</span></span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Collected rocks from "beach-type" and "mountain-type" locations</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">magnifying glasses</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">sandpaper</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">science journals</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Process:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The first step is to collect your rocks. You need two locations to collect from, one of which being a "beach" setting. The beach does not have to be on one of the big coastal bodies of water; any reasonably-sized (not man-made!) body of water should have rocks in or near it that have been smoothed over time. The other rocks need not be from a "mountainous" area; we are just looking for rocks that have <i>not</i> been weathered over time as distinctly as the "beach" rocks have been.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim817a7iUWGO3CdBfDF5VFSFFIqReWQwzPmH3fFJXR7XnGhmQsl6xBbmMqOjK3jcP7-kilzd2pr9K4EBo7GBXQpMlYKaPNjixghVY56Jw2QtY_lx12iaubt0_v4yKPCwq94P9e9bT7gfZl/s1600/IMG_4842.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim817a7iUWGO3CdBfDF5VFSFFIqReWQwzPmH3fFJXR7XnGhmQsl6xBbmMqOjK3jcP7-kilzd2pr9K4EBo7GBXQpMlYKaPNjixghVY56Jw2QtY_lx12iaubt0_v4yKPCwq94P9e9bT7gfZl/s200/IMG_4842.jpg" width="149" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKLLRbaqsqoUOzr0vf_lULxlmoKNCRK4_MM0rxlbiLIQj1ypce1IWHvUimkg3H6le1CanK5sUwQqF9QdM_tBn9KQGc8-c-wHwqGXvU6s7WxtDah7mikBQZQOjQ9vlG7_HWVBU-oEouSbyH/s1600/IMG_1215.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKLLRbaqsqoUOzr0vf_lULxlmoKNCRK4_MM0rxlbiLIQj1ypce1IWHvUimkg3H6le1CanK5sUwQqF9QdM_tBn9KQGc8-c-wHwqGXvU6s7WxtDah7mikBQZQOjQ9vlG7_HWVBU-oEouSbyH/s200/IMG_1215.JPG" width="200" /></a></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSAa367ZsINb23y3Wrt82QU4YqOF59RPa2TJ_cGb6G7B176RI8T3xYRcyLyQN_Ws0KcBGvc26oYaNYBGbRqjYpfdkQ84FqNd6SYaRX3XwzFP4cwCYJYMnlYOqSzf5-fq5YvD82V9L9nVSm/s1600/IMG_4862.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSAa367ZsINb23y3Wrt82QU4YqOF59RPa2TJ_cGb6G7B176RI8T3xYRcyLyQN_Ws0KcBGvc26oYaNYBGbRqjYpfdkQ84FqNd6SYaRX3XwzFP4cwCYJYMnlYOqSzf5-fq5YvD82V9L9nVSm/s200/IMG_4862.jpg" width="149" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Once you get your rocks home, have your child make observations about the rocks. Give them a magnifying glass and have them look closely at their rocks. If you are using a science journal, have them trace around their rocks into their journals.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtHbevtJ6UjOcXzdTGMvTgrL0ZttsLNghpaIt4wtyUmgWrU4w908pVj0f0evNawMeB-k8C19DUgdms9zxS63TCznq6T_lhutAmbzEdPxda7gjQh2itHE6Dm55BBgpv5K6eUNNkRcJQx1R2/s1600/DSC_0003.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtHbevtJ6UjOcXzdTGMvTgrL0ZttsLNghpaIt4wtyUmgWrU4w908pVj0f0evNawMeB-k8C19DUgdms9zxS63TCznq6T_lhutAmbzEdPxda7gjQh2itHE6Dm55BBgpv5K6eUNNkRcJQx1R2/s320/DSC_0003.JPG" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Have them sort (classify) the rocks based on their shape. It should be very clear that the "beach" rocks have a smoother, more rounded shape in comparison to the other rocks. Talk about how those rocks have been <b>weathered</b> and <b>eroded</b> over many, many years to cause them to have small pieces broken off the original rock until it is smoothed down. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZwbtKq24HJQ-ASxNEefIXkkyzSZSDPDzhz8i9SDbVOF9JMGGwO3ZHpdUjUmYPX5-lODjdrIKB0da-xm6dhd2frBpJDtpjP6Ih7qdj00_HaIRE1mqOgWVfAHKl8WCmRTwH7rhgX5Kf5Wkh/s1600/DSC_0004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZwbtKq24HJQ-ASxNEefIXkkyzSZSDPDzhz8i9SDbVOF9JMGGwO3ZHpdUjUmYPX5-lODjdrIKB0da-xm6dhd2frBpJDtpjP6Ih7qdj00_HaIRE1mqOgWVfAHKl8WCmRTwH7rhgX5Kf5Wkh/s400/DSC_0004.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">To demonstrate that weathering takes place over a very long period of time, give them a piece of sandpaper and ask them to smooth the "mountain" rocks down so they look like the "beach" rocks. You can play this up - I left the room and returned about 5 minutes later asking if they were done yet. Of course, they said no, so I said that they should continue through the night and maybe when I woke up the next morning they might be done. They got the point that weathering takes a LONG time. (If you do this, just be careful that you don't give your child a super soft rock (like talc) which does break down very easily!)</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXLMf-zr-D_g51ZHXXi-ufxhWF7RvmbHzazD4DHTAU0GI3xIWK8xMS9rgv1ncZ61QiUabyIdEvtC1gowROBfwBpsIzlxPbHr2GwtvqgWamuTnaqqKh0Q0vCAI-bfSuH1ZwW7vR2yWXKPgQ/s1600/DSC_0005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXLMf-zr-D_g51ZHXXi-ufxhWF7RvmbHzazD4DHTAU0GI3xIWK8xMS9rgv1ncZ61QiUabyIdEvtC1gowROBfwBpsIzlxPbHr2GwtvqgWamuTnaqqKh0Q0vCAI-bfSuH1ZwW7vR2yWXKPgQ/s320/DSC_0005.jpg" width="212" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Finally, give them a new rock and see if they can determine if it is from the "beach" or the "mountain". Also, if your child is keeping a science journal, give them time to draw the rocks and write their observations about the two different types of rocks.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Science Talk:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The main science idea that we are exploring here is the concept of <b>weathering</b>, where a big rock is broken down into little rocks. Weathering is ultimately responsible for creating all of the soil and sand that is on the surface of the earth today. Weathering can occur via mechanical or chemical means. Water, wind, gravity (think: rock slide), plants (think: tree roots) or ice (think: potholes) can all be the cause of mechanical weathering. Chemical weathering can occur when water or other chemicals (like acid rain) interacts with the compounds in rocks. In this experiment, the "beach" rocks had undergone mechanical weathering for thousands of years to create their rounded surface.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">A secondary idea is that of <b>erosion</b>. Erosion is the force that moves rock material from one place to another. Erosion may also be caused by agents such as water, wind, gravity, ice and even animals. Weathering and erosion work together over thousands of years to create major geographic features of the land such as river deltas, sand dunes, glacial lakes, sandy coastlines, etc. The beach rocks had probably been pushed along by wave action and tumbled along the ocean floor for thousands of years.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Extensions:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">I love the <i>Science Works</i> book series for young children and they have a book, "<a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/1404819967/ref=as_li_ss_til?tag=moowsla-20&camp=0&creative=0&linkCode=as4&creativeASIN=1404819967&adid=0A726C2BEDEXHR4H8AY6" target="_blank">Cracking Up: A Story About Erosion</a>", which provides a good explanation for erosion. You could also check out "<a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/1404819975/ref=as_li_ss_til?tag=moowsla-20&camp=0&creative=0&linkCode=as4&creativeASIN=1404819975&adid=0E7K6WZ83W3H672W7GX3" target="_blank">The Rock Factory</a>", which is more about the rock cycle but does explain how sediments are formed for sedimentary rocks through the process of weathering and erosion.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Delicate_arch_sunset.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Delicate_arch_sunset.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">For older kids, you could show them pictures of some significant geologic features caused by weathering and erosion, such as the Grand Canyon, Arches National Park, or some limestone caves. Have them identify and research how the different features were formed. Better yet... road trip! I haven't been to either the Grand Canyon or Arches yet (although I devoured <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0671695886/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0671695886&linkCode=as2&tag=moowsla-20" target="_blank">Desert Solitaire</a> by Edward Abbey in one of my college English classes) but road trips to them is one of the things I'm really looking forward to when living on the west coast. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">A great example of weathering happening at warp speed is what occurs in a rock tumbler. I think I've already written this before, but can we say "holiday gift"?? Now to figure out how to get one of the girls to put that on <i>their</i> holiday list...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Science Process Skills Used In This Activity:</span></span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table bgcolor="FFFFFF" border="5" bordercolor="6699FF" style="width: 600px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Observing</b></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Communicating</b></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Classifying</b></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Measuring</b></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Inferring</b></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Predicting</b></span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
</span></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
</span></span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Visit the science process skills <a href="http://mommaowlslab.blogspot.com/p/science-process-skills.html" target="_blank">page</a> for more information on the different skills. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">I
hope you enjoy this activity! If you try it, please leave me a
comment to let me know how it goes! Also, I'd love if you'd share any
ideas for extensions for this project in the comments section below. Thanks!
:)</span><br />
<br />
<a class="pin-it-button" count-layout="horizontal" href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmommaowlslab.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F10%2Fweathering-and-erosion-with-found-rocks.html&media=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-3nCXTruP3gE%2FUHNAVLQTWnI%2FAAAAAAAAAk0%2F1NKlauJFyvc%2Fs400%2FDSC_0004.jpg&description=Do%20your%20kids%20like%20to%20collect%20rocks%20everywhere%20they%20go%3F%20%20Turn%20it%20into%20a%20lesson%20on%20weathering%20and%20erosion!" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="//assets.pinterest.com/images/PinExt.png" style="cursor: move;" title="Pin It" /></a><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<script src="//assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-1098291761722414662012-05-24T20:25:00.000-07:002012-05-25T05:53:21.678-07:00From Caterpillar to Moth: Ctenucha virginica<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2YZKHXRa285M5-pS7oaz7T2OJZ8FqJ-EXEm3M9MCQrCgBLaWD6sJykT21LkQ3dVPP-eO7L7QGcXdqHsJdeH7JV8i6zS_rYAcae0Erln3tZ5dmwBGMxXzmGQM5tFsxrtwLbAM1W0Gm0Uyl/s1600/IMG_4173.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2YZKHXRa285M5-pS7oaz7T2OJZ8FqJ-EXEm3M9MCQrCgBLaWD6sJykT21LkQ3dVPP-eO7L7QGcXdqHsJdeH7JV8i6zS_rYAcae0Erln3tZ5dmwBGMxXzmGQM5tFsxrtwLbAM1W0Gm0Uyl/s320/IMG_4173.jpg" width="239" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
I call him "Stan". </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Yes, yes, I have heard the arguments against anthropomorphizing, especially with children, but, really, "Ctenucha" is such a mouthful. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
So, Stan he is. Until he hatches anyway, and then he might just be "Stanette". </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Maya found him yesterday clinging to the side of our plastic pool. It is the larvae ("caterpillar" or, as Maya says, "killerpatter") form of the <i>Ctenucha virginica</i> moth. We found our bug jar and the girls dug out their magnifying glasses and spent some good quality time investigating our new friend.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGt5_G2Y4k8ScO6xDhYoYBZJa5e6KdRpwStEs7xFmBAZO8F3tiblFFNEAk72cgyJPMCNn6tYmzVqJwXvhPyHfWoGp1KogTAqAQaymuOi8C0jZv9riZKlIGH16A0NqzXWFrPl-y0AfLJ3yu/s1600/DSC_3929.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGt5_G2Y4k8ScO6xDhYoYBZJa5e6KdRpwStEs7xFmBAZO8F3tiblFFNEAk72cgyJPMCNn6tYmzVqJwXvhPyHfWoGp1KogTAqAQaymuOi8C0jZv9riZKlIGH16A0NqzXWFrPl-y0AfLJ3yu/s320/DSC_3929.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br />
<a name='more'></a>They wanted to bring it into school to share so we added some grass (the food of choice) to our bug jar. (I love that they go to a school that encourages them to bring in their nature discoveries!) </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQI0Pklkj9yopOaxsLrBWr1zUCp1nEBQOcufOvpuD-EIiZynOl508VBooSbxkGXpL2TEYk87uJGziF-VpYZSKCWd13PAitcmUDIp_2geGCY7Fb2HGKoRUcmjvAcTvdLoJljOT88K0VD-WX/s1600/DSC_3924.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQI0Pklkj9yopOaxsLrBWr1zUCp1nEBQOcufOvpuD-EIiZynOl508VBooSbxkGXpL2TEYk87uJGziF-VpYZSKCWd13PAitcmUDIp_2geGCY7Fb2HGKoRUcmjvAcTvdLoJljOT88K0VD-WX/s320/DSC_3924.JPG" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLm2MsJDvmFoPulscAx0MxVSXD2bodauc51j0Dq7UzlL-6tlVEj8wrGFs8DinBbYYstLrU8ra0CU0zzWKnGBWc-BgQRgJfXPw1Bb0_Bdehyphenhyphen5ErCiRdKTxfShr2yzTmTceIjiWILNajqLC9/s1600/DSC_3926.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLm2MsJDvmFoPulscAx0MxVSXD2bodauc51j0Dq7UzlL-6tlVEj8wrGFs8DinBbYYstLrU8ra0CU0zzWKnGBWc-BgQRgJfXPw1Bb0_Bdehyphenhyphen5ErCiRdKTxfShr2yzTmTceIjiWILNajqLC9/s320/DSC_3926.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br />
We planned to exchange our smaller bug jar with a larger, wide mouth jar with twigs in it upon which the larvae could make a cocoon, but we woke up this morning to this:</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYsXiFl-97zAR6m_YQwmtZNHdB-c3ylwmIZKfnvsA0zvW8cSx2dGju6G8XgylU0yXx8MaDu6x-D0lQQwWGnNDx1TuctFDEZdF3cqFPkkGHGiTUi6sBSvjGzBVQvcO9-JUEhIS_43EiOiWg/s1600/DSC_3932.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYsXiFl-97zAR6m_YQwmtZNHdB-c3ylwmIZKfnvsA0zvW8cSx2dGju6G8XgylU0yXx8MaDu6x-D0lQQwWGnNDx1TuctFDEZdF3cqFPkkGHGiTUi6sBSvjGzBVQvcO9-JUEhIS_43EiOiWg/s320/DSC_3932.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br />
The little bugger beat us to it! From the outside of the jar you can clearly see the shape of the larvae through the silk and hairs.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK0678wImMRLFqsbbmntJqgq_uAbeyhKJWPo0_VReUP2kk62ilhum8bUxkipm1Iod1IRQRhEEie8yOYovSVC_rTKzgRLYicL76gEmSlkJjwDGtEvSdymQ0G8ZgnG7npZSBoHM1pbDdyT4Z/s1600/DSC_3934.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK0678wImMRLFqsbbmntJqgq_uAbeyhKJWPo0_VReUP2kk62ilhum8bUxkipm1Iod1IRQRhEEie8yOYovSVC_rTKzgRLYicL76gEmSlkJjwDGtEvSdymQ0G8ZgnG7npZSBoHM1pbDdyT4Z/s320/DSC_3934.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br />
Stan should take about a month to develop into a moth. We'll post an update when he/she hatches!</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Do Try This At Home</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
This is a great activity to do with kids and you should be able to find copious numbers of moth and butterfly larvae during the warmer months. Here are a few tips, if you want to try it.</div>
<ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<li>Though not as common as the internet rumors make them out to be, there are larvae that are poisonous or, more likely, irritating, so please be careful. Consider using garden gloves (my girls love theirs - I think it makes them feel very grown up) when handling any finds. </li>
<li>The internet is a great place for identifying your find. We started with a basic Google search, but also used the identification tool at <a href="http://bugguide.net/">BugGuide.net</a>. There are also some great blogs out there of amateur entomologists, like The Backyard Arthropod Project. I could just link to it, but the domain name is too good to not let you see it: <a href="http://www.somethingscrawlinginmyhair.com/">www.somethingscrawlinginmyhair.com</a> . (It also has some amazing, amazing pics, including much better ones than ours of the <a href="http://somethingscrawlinginmyhair.com/2012/04/18/ctenucha-virginica-caterpillar-and-adult/">Ctenucha</a>.)</li>
<li>Once you've identified your species, create a habitat for them that include an adequately sized jar (a mason jar or similar wide mouthed jar with netting or nylon on top works well) with pencil-sized twigs in it as well as their food of choice. Keep the jar clean and change the food daily. You can find more information on raising butterflies and moths at <a href="http://www.butterflyschool.org/teacher/raising.html">Butterfly School</a>. </li>
<li>Can't find any caterpillars in your neck of the woods or rather try something of a known? When I was working with high school students, we ordered hornworm larvae from <a href="http://www.carolina.com/">Carolina Biological Supply</a>. You also should check out the post at Creekside Learning on<a href="http://creeksidelearning.com/2012/05/11/the-very-hungry-caterpillars/"> The Very Hungry Caterpillar</a>s for some great detailed information of their experiment including other sources of larvae and some themed books! </li>
<li>Be patient! The length of time it takes a butterfly to emerge from a chrysalis or a moth to emerge from a cocoon varies from species to species. The monarch butterfly only takes 7 to 10 days while some are meant to provide protection over the winter. While you wait, here's a great video to watch on the life cycle of the monarch butterfly told from the butterfly's perspective. </li>
</ul>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/Ry4hqn0WD60" width="420"></iframe></div>
<a class="pin-it-button" count-layout="horizontal" href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmommaowlslab.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F05%2Ffrom-caterpillar-to-moth-ctenucha.html&media=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-vQjE2UgFcwQ%2FT770sPaTQ6I%2FAAAAAAAAAiM%2FDcG-BRju60A%2Fs320%2FDSC_3926.JPG&description=Information%20on%20raising%20a%20caterpillar%20%28larvae%29%20to%20a%20butterfly%20or%20moth."><img border="0" src="//assets.pinterest.com/images/PinExt.png" title="Pin It" /></a>
<script src="//assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js" type="text/javascript">
</script><br />
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_bb9d461fff705640b3d7bd4647e51a97(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_bb9d461fff705640b3d7bd4647e51a97(document['FCTB_Init_3fa300bbdff48548bf2f3d46e8878c91']); delete document['FCTB_Init_3fa300bbdff48548bf2f3d46e8878c91']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_3239d74d3fe62f4b81172c1a4384b754(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_3239d74d3fe62f4b81172c1a4384b754(document['FCTB_Init_0fd6a14bc916d14ab7f874c82215a23c']); delete document['FCTB_Init_0fd6a14bc916d14ab7f874c82215a23c']
</script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-76189921502466348762012-04-22T23:33:00.000-07:002012-04-24T10:02:47.813-07:00Recycled Mini Greenhouses<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Happy Earth Day! We love Earth Day at our house; not just because of the concept behind it but also because it is the anniversary of our engagement! 11 years. Which means that this year marks our 10th wedding anniversary - wow! </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Anyway, back to Earth Day... To celebrate this year, Maya and I raided our recycling bin and made some mini greenhouses in which to start our seeds. Okay, to be honest, the toilet paper tubes hadn't even made it to the recycling bin. I have an issue with disposing (even recycling) toilet paper tubes. I keep thinking, "There has to be <i>something</i> I can do with this." So, rather than throw them in with my other recyclables, I end up lining them up on the window sill behind the toilet waiting for inspiration to strike. My friends that use my bathrooms must think I'm very odd. Check that. They already know that I'm odd, it's the visitors that happen to use the bathroom that must think I'm very odd. Oh well. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</div>
<a name='more'></a><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
We used toilet paper tubes (cut in half), plastic strawberry containers and the tops of egg cartons to make our mini greenhouses. I was inspired by <a href="http://www.intuitionphysician.com/organic-gardening-growing-seedlings-in-recycled-containers-tutorial/" target="_blank">this post</a> from IntuitionPhysician. It is fairly straightforward to do. If you are interested in doing this, you will also need soil (we used a 50/50 mix of compost and top soil), seeds, water and some way to label the containers.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu03x3QVFgFMP7kO9RccprIsx5frgwOYgR3PLnpWtfImRRHcVZRAGmOB0viGcfrWf3z_UUNElIf94Bnf_LdWSNXumdBRYCqObN2aooHOepwpUEvsXgCBhZPnF8p7sfrtPQKIDPDLsZvHIB/s1600/greenhousesDSC_0107.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu03x3QVFgFMP7kO9RccprIsx5frgwOYgR3PLnpWtfImRRHcVZRAGmOB0viGcfrWf3z_UUNElIf94Bnf_LdWSNXumdBRYCqObN2aooHOepwpUEvsXgCBhZPnF8p7sfrtPQKIDPDLsZvHIB/s320/greenhousesDSC_0107.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Start off by cutting the toilet paper tubes in half. Each strawberry container can fit 6 half-tubes, so you will need 3 toilet paper tubes for each container that you want to plant. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXzRflw3bssWeK9HT_aaYUx9B-g3mtm2GnQzgAy94vUYm9dTtKKf6ew1e8PYFJRtUa-Wd1X2YbZPxoRGLVeSmBQYckBQ1y2EydV4VNTZp5fRrH1qQeMlu0TsQkVSZorkSMhQf4V2ilte08/s1600/greenhousesDSC_0108.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXzRflw3bssWeK9HT_aaYUx9B-g3mtm2GnQzgAy94vUYm9dTtKKf6ew1e8PYFJRtUa-Wd1X2YbZPxoRGLVeSmBQYckBQ1y2EydV4VNTZp5fRrH1qQeMlu0TsQkVSZorkSMhQf4V2ilte08/s320/greenhousesDSC_0108.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Fill each container almost to the top with soil. Because the bottoms are not all flat (think of the dimple in the bottom of wine bottles), I found it was easiest if I held down the tube while Maya spooned the soil into it. Once the tubes were filled with soil, the weight of them were enough to hold the container down. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSNMWwTqt-tUiCyUSU37blhIjm75ylL3i5xzwS2mCztEsFYluEn9BEmgaIFA33AJ_vkMNNrHm9OrE0zi0flvyF8AzTHle3ToTz1IARNKq5f6L2cW6mi1TwN3zGASWjptxNnhXYKb7K5i3h/s1600/greenhousesDSC_0117.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSNMWwTqt-tUiCyUSU37blhIjm75ylL3i5xzwS2mCztEsFYluEn9BEmgaIFA33AJ_vkMNNrHm9OrE0zi0flvyF8AzTHle3ToTz1IARNKq5f6L2cW6mi1TwN3zGASWjptxNnhXYKb7K5i3h/s320/greenhousesDSC_0117.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Plant the seeds to the indicated depth and place in egg carton container to catch the extra water (since the sides of the strawberry containers have vents in them). Now the best part - water them! We used a small spray bottle that Maya could operate by herself. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwwjkeraoG_MTJS2BD4zK0TJc1PEe_eUJwRz8ODwJTa4xI_miwYgh9M5M5_7-MTcZODQQpKWuhsIWO0qyx3HqC2ZKqKbRCF0ORI0ynjBHmxc4QlVK5vAkgtMgI16h4V_tBCYaDSjYjDsEf/s1600/greenhousesDSC_0113.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwwjkeraoG_MTJS2BD4zK0TJc1PEe_eUJwRz8ODwJTa4xI_miwYgh9M5M5_7-MTcZODQQpKWuhsIWO0qyx3HqC2ZKqKbRCF0ORI0ynjBHmxc4QlVK5vAkgtMgI16h4V_tBCYaDSjYjDsEf/s320/greenhousesDSC_0113.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQs0eVDwL2-3ZwJFJYezH_LC2YD3dygjATHndLq3ZySWf4hteb6xNR9g-jg27ZAXG8LeIjUuiTZvgkEcOwIbLTabY_j_agfnr0u1rmKvWCObiIufLrWcT2QCYuNCdeXF8ajmiRFZ9G1njq/s1600/greenhousesDSC_0116.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQs0eVDwL2-3ZwJFJYezH_LC2YD3dygjATHndLq3ZySWf4hteb6xNR9g-jg27ZAXG8LeIjUuiTZvgkEcOwIbLTabY_j_agfnr0u1rmKvWCObiIufLrWcT2QCYuNCdeXF8ajmiRFZ9G1njq/s320/greenhousesDSC_0116.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Place containers on a windowsill and wait for the seeds to grow. We planted three types of tomatoes, hot peppers and watermelon seeds. Once they have grown a bit, I plan to remove the top but in the meantime they are helping to keep the soil a bit warmer and moister (just like a greenhouse). Actually, because the tops of the strawberry containers have vents in them, I may cover them with a bit of tape or plastic wrap to trap the heat and moisture in a bit better just until the seeds have sprouted and then take them off. Because the tubes have open bottoms, they can be transplanted directly into the soil.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIuoVQR-CBNJyH6yBsMJQI4DNUs204txT5Gq0BUpaJpSEbrerTl_zZEs0ei1cmGJB1l6IBoBOX4HevhiwJXy3faNRbAiUxGQpEIBDZo3_wxHNQCXyst30I5MMBEQwr6_5KKOVIqkYq2KxZ/s1600/greenhousesDSC_0124.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIuoVQR-CBNJyH6yBsMJQI4DNUs204txT5Gq0BUpaJpSEbrerTl_zZEs0ei1cmGJB1l6IBoBOX4HevhiwJXy3faNRbAiUxGQpEIBDZo3_wxHNQCXyst30I5MMBEQwr6_5KKOVIqkYq2KxZ/s320/greenhousesDSC_0124.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
If you do this, let me know how it goes. You can also post pictures to the Momma Owl <a href="http://www.flickr.com/groups/1846626@N22/pool/">Flickr</a> group. In the meantime, I found something else to do with my left-over toilet paper tubes at The Green Wife - <a href="http://www.thegreenwife.com/2010/01/27/kindling-gone-green/" target="_blank">dryer lint kindling</a>!<br />
</div>
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_b61d6a1e869ed249aee2b11b67fcab08(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_b61d6a1e869ed249aee2b11b67fcab08(document['FCTB_Init_52c7263915970849bb7426388a94ccd6']); delete document['FCTB_Init_52c7263915970849bb7426388a94ccd6']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_87f04cc592a9144a897a4ad684ae75fd(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_87f04cc592a9144a897a4ad684ae75fd(document['FCTB_Init_3b2ff9fa97a0f1478406a93949fce318']); delete document['FCTB_Init_3b2ff9fa97a0f1478406a93949fce318']
</script>
<a class="pin-it-button" count-layout="horizontal" href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmommaowlslab.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F04%2Fhappy-earth-day-we-love-earth-day-at.html&media=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-sXQX71gBBq8%2FT5WbiM_4WaI%2FAAAAAAAAAfA%2FDvNym5K7vW4%2Fs320%2FgreenhousesDSC_0124.JPG&description=Make%20mini%20greenhouses%20out%20of%20toilet%20paper%20tubes%2C%20plastic%20strawberry%20containers%20and%20the%20tops%20of%20egg%20cartons."><img border="0" src="//assets.pinterest.com/images/PinExt.png" title="Pin It" /></a>
<script src="//assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js" type="text/javascript">
</script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-11163384066766429692012-04-15T18:07:00.002-07:002012-04-24T10:32:55.070-07:00Dissecting Bean Seeds<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Spring has definitely arrived here and I am itching to get outside in the garden. We have big, maybe too big given our newborn, plans for the garden this year including a square foot gardening project for the older girls. (That particular project involves power tools - hooray!) We just received some seeds we ordered in the mail this week from <a href="http://www.seedsofchange.com/" target="_blank">Seeds of Change</a> (a great source for organic seeds - we got some San Marzano tomato seeds this year because I hear they make an amazing sauce!) and I made the comment about every seed having a baby plant inside. The girls, as you can imagine with a new baby in the house, are fascinated by babies right now and wanted to see the baby plant so we decided to dissect some beans!</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNO0E6kQqFI4hIdfDclSwwRPiUvzZhEX3_K9dhUCzsgcFiite1pwoBCMScCHwBeta2fPwnzN0MKvOx1jsfpRoSYACr29091hVildDdRrlQE539ojHK8jqGiy9jia1gW787w4GWSHMYCTPP/s1600/DSC_0122_2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAzkV6XUKcVEcZC-65xNvXEkIy2CNPyCbnWKS16TcpRt95mKtvipE7LrEVoxqdbzgD4HHuGsqthaad_RcJgAzMScVRaEtSSMEx_29uyhQSol9QCKEDurC6heXtwUOH1oyUiVFJyJRWLmbh/s1600/DSC_0122_2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br />
</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Materials Needed:</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVNhlVxyMlORU9ytMFlvc3WyV-jmQCjAxtoGr8m4kIgKzes0bDc7SGj6ZsK2orCgfWpup1Z6h0VDY8Cn3qXXgOzuHLxDs-XqNmn6VlYFuZPi0iVklSnxbMS4S7eQUoqEzUOgVEAaE3HnJB/s1600/DSC_0122_2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVNhlVxyMlORU9ytMFlvc3WyV-jmQCjAxtoGr8m4kIgKzes0bDc7SGj6ZsK2orCgfWpup1Z6h0VDY8Cn3qXXgOzuHLxDs-XqNmn6VlYFuZPi0iVklSnxbMS4S7eQUoqEzUOgVEAaE3HnJB/s200/DSC_0122_2.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
<ul>
<li>variety of dried beans - we used a bag of mixed dried beans intended for soup</li>
<li>water</li>
<li>paper towels </li>
<li>5 plastic containers </li>
<li>magnifying glass</li>
<li>markers - I recommend permanent (for adult use!)</li>
<li><a href="http://mommaowlslab.blogspot.com/2011/09/child-friendly-science-journal.html">science journal </a></li>
</ul>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What You Do:</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
The first step is to sort the mixture of beans. Select 4-5 different types of beans that you want to examine from your mixture. Try to pick the larger, meatier beans. We used lima, pinto, northern, kidney and pink beans. You can do this with just one bean type, but since we wanted to compare the different beans and it is also good practice with the skill of classification, we decided to use a mixture of beans.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjabBLFH09wZQaUGD73yiOw8M9XwKX0hI27QPFdw354SGMEytW4aXnBU04E3P-Q8HEcO_0YkH8dyA09bSikNdK3Tthnq_GJ4LzBqmKGKNCUd8Hgy5edUaGvsrX5uwf3pGGIkfSHDfwQuZQl/s1600/DSC_0124.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPCXivmh3GcXmlhCLjt7JI6ZEpY3TP85QhSK5r3rxRymVA_TsTsLzIIquD8wCERHqDVcMnNPkEqr3kLTulgfLpYcHIKL1V7QqQrOymCU4nd6hlrQPjTAws38eVluaHy7mZCm3eAuxQU1CR/s320/DSC_0124.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Once the beans have been sorted, carefully pour water to cover them and leave for 24 hours. If you are limited on time, you can also try using hot water and leaving the beans for an hour or two to soften. Have your child make a prediction about the seeds - maybe how big the baby plant is inside or whether the baby plants will look the same or different between the variety of beans.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBOrac7RpgKpatHqJFihBTm4IrCXuWRG-ZKt5okfj8XaIwdT7MHP0TdtJlvft90_WejgaLvLn4WoWN8G-NCNUKuf3Br2zWg5G306KXHuDN6kYXqp3yiwG6x8-Cz7upWesN9D1TD-WznCxo/s1600/DSC_0125.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBOrac7RpgKpatHqJFihBTm4IrCXuWRG-ZKt5okfj8XaIwdT7MHP0TdtJlvft90_WejgaLvLn4WoWN8G-NCNUKuf3Br2zWg5G306KXHuDN6kYXqp3yiwG6x8-Cz7upWesN9D1TD-WznCxo/s320/DSC_0125.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDvEZOV8lCLeSi3xeZIQek3HivtJtt2AjVNgrxKKM9lH6DHmmMnYH_ul911fJs3iY_0OLVeL-0MlntOpssfX1GMBL6CxXQXWF9m6qdqYq_0KYq1re2PHQjhL1XrbR3shwjBnJ3nh9WBtrv/s1600/DSC_0127.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDvEZOV8lCLeSi3xeZIQek3HivtJtt2AjVNgrxKKM9lH6DHmmMnYH_ul911fJs3iY_0OLVeL-0MlntOpssfX1GMBL6CxXQXWF9m6qdqYq_0KYq1re2PHQjhL1XrbR3shwjBnJ3nh9WBtrv/s320/DSC_0127.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
When the beans have softened (you should see the seed coat starting to peel off a bit of its own accord), remove it from the water and carefully remove the seed coat then split the seed in half. You may need to use your thumbnail to help split the bean.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjND9cVPG-WJszXGEeqoGvIuQs9p3DWxVR1cYpyLTrgjFdmt8DtIRmhQgEZHy_OHVcat185PFjzAoATC5nR78pJgGNk53j2z88SBy8T9tW8T3xm8kHtg6ONLr_atk6ICE9QH_F67QTKZXvP/s1600/DSC_0118_2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjND9cVPG-WJszXGEeqoGvIuQs9p3DWxVR1cYpyLTrgjFdmt8DtIRmhQgEZHy_OHVcat185PFjzAoATC5nR78pJgGNk53j2z88SBy8T9tW8T3xm8kHtg6ONLr_atk6ICE9QH_F67QTKZXvP/s320/DSC_0118_2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Examine the baby plant inside the bean with the help of a magnifying glass. Your child should be able to see the embryonic leaves and a structure that looks like a miniature root. (See below for an explanation of the parts of the seed.) </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2RGwRiom21CPtaPp5lyC7nEa9f1yV8ASGt56ypDyy3Ui4TzNT0ESPGFdKA1NXpcQpmvnF_l6kfLmK4vj76tVEoSUNidhF8B-a9RUYbDuzQF0n7ZgLmDSNMT0tOd_z3kJc_OCOh0yzb_2H/s1600/DSC_0120.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2RGwRiom21CPtaPp5lyC7nEa9f1yV8ASGt56ypDyy3Ui4TzNT0ESPGFdKA1NXpcQpmvnF_l6kfLmK4vj76tVEoSUNidhF8B-a9RUYbDuzQF0n7ZgLmDSNMT0tOd_z3kJc_OCOh0yzb_2H/s320/DSC_0120.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
You can use the markers to very gently color the different parts so they are easier to identify. I tried using both washable and permanent markers and the permanent (or, in the words of Robert Munsch in <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1550372564/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=moowsla-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=1550372564" target="_blank"><i>Purple, Green and Yellow</i> </a>"super-indelible-never-come-off-til-your-dead-and-maybe-even-later" markers) were much better at transferring color to the structures, but you may want to have the adult do it! </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE06vaNIQXZxqBEbOpcBHHrFe-dNbFqtBUV5lBqGo6I5bAHDiCk7E0WuN1l_QO5upnfPLMvfIoAFKEqeBr3vbVMdfGcyvZMOIZ0v_1zG6_-L9jTM83pnG3FuFSOnh1q-I-1h1fqkMBRx1j/s1600/DSC_0132.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE06vaNIQXZxqBEbOpcBHHrFe-dNbFqtBUV5lBqGo6I5bAHDiCk7E0WuN1l_QO5upnfPLMvfIoAFKEqeBr3vbVMdfGcyvZMOIZ0v_1zG6_-L9jTM83pnG3FuFSOnh1q-I-1h1fqkMBRx1j/s320/DSC_0132.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Ask them to evaluate their prediction. We were looking at whether the baby plants would look similar or different and the girls decided that all the bean seeds looked pretty similar to each other, although some were larger than others. As a side note, if you are only going to choose one type of bean to do this with, don't be tempted to choose the lima bean because of its large size - the embryonic plant was not much bigger than the others and we found that the radicle (root structure) kept breaking when we tried to open each of the beans. Have your child draw what they see in their science journal.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What's Happening?</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
A seed contains all of the materials necessary for the early life of a plant, including the seed coat for protection, the endoderm and the embryonic ("baby") plant. The seed coat is also called the testa. On beans, you can often see the hilium, or scar tisssue, that marks where the seed was connected to the mother plant. In addition, above the hilium you may be able to see the micropyle, a small hole that the pollen tube entered during fertilization and through which water can enter to aid in the early growth of the seed.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
The endosperm serves as the food source until the plant is big enough to make food on its own. The majority of the human diet consists of plant endosperm - from starchy popcorn to the wheat seeds that are milled to make flour. The endosperm is made up of two cotyledons in bean plants, which are considered dicots. Other plants like corn, which are monocots, contain only one cotyledon. (<i>di</i> = two, and <i>mono</i> = one) The cotyledons are often called the seed leaves when they emerge from the soil - all the rest of the leaves develop above the seed leaves and the seed leaves eventually wither away when the food has been used up and the plant is able to produce its own food.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
The plant embryo consists of different tissues including the epicotyl, hypocotyl and the radicle. The radicle emerges first during germination and travels down into the soil forming a long tap root. The epicotyl is the part of the plant embryo above where the cotyledons are attached (<i>epi</i> = over or on top of) and it eventually forms the leaves of the plant. The hypocotyl is the part of the plant embryo below which the cotyledons are attached (<i>hypo</i> = low or below). The epicotyl will eventually form the stem of the plants.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
The picture below is of a pinto bean with the parts of the plant embryo color coded (very generally). (The pic was taken with my iPhone using the <a href="http://photojojo.com/store/awesomeness/macro-lens-band/" target="_blank">easy macro cell lens band</a> from photojojo.com - the best $15 I've ever spent!) </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0i68jT2DdLmOefhGcEeSXPmGHfjzrUtDS5t2ml72GW_K8TzZJLXm88L6PW2p4DKafnrmpH900bnJFFSJmhOAFatkhKJ_3kJdBnJr5y6h994pwWxkl0NjupZG7ZpQjYcNGi-jCa-jifD7s/s1600/photo(20)+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0i68jT2DdLmOefhGcEeSXPmGHfjzrUtDS5t2ml72GW_K8TzZJLXm88L6PW2p4DKafnrmpH900bnJFFSJmhOAFatkhKJ_3kJdBnJr5y6h994pwWxkl0NjupZG7ZpQjYcNGi-jCa-jifD7s/s320/photo(20)+copy.jpg" width="239" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Extensions</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
We used some awesome <a href="http://sporschool.blogspot.com/2011/03/parts-of-leaf-parts-of-seed.html" target="_blank">parts of a seed cards</a> that are a free download on the <i>Walk Beside Me</i> blog. (She also has parts of a flower, parts of a leaf and parts of a plant cards!) They are in a Montessori style and, as both my older girls are in Montessori this year, they immediately grasped the idea behind them. We printed out two copies, cut off the title in one of the copies and had them match all the cards of the same structure together. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgoisz6RubLalqFjCy_MGOGrAC7bpcOuV1RAy4LM5PB8llIR8g2c0Y8tRJNuCOkBgww64ccJI7JVsQF2v2VSFdZiN0YDuYd3zGNu3LrOX_QE07lupKtndXCF9CY-n1-xYcE9YSPLvGx8qZ/s1600/IMG_0732.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgoisz6RubLalqFjCy_MGOGrAC7bpcOuV1RAy4LM5PB8llIR8g2c0Y8tRJNuCOkBgww64ccJI7JVsQF2v2VSFdZiN0YDuYd3zGNu3LrOX_QE07lupKtndXCF9CY-n1-xYcE9YSPLvGx8qZ/s320/IMG_0732.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0811855201/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&tag=moowsla-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0811855201" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://ws.assoc-amazon.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&Format=_SL110_&ASIN=0811855201&MarketPlace=US&ID=AsinImage&WS=1&tag=moowsla-20&ServiceVersion=20070822" /></a>A great book to teach about the nature of seeds is "<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0811855201/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&tag=moowsla-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0811855201" target="_blank">A Seed is Sleepy</a>". It talks about different types of seeds, and it might be really fun to try this experiment again but with different types of seeds. Try to get fairly large seeds that are a variety of monocots and dicots - so, maybe corn, bean and pea. Because some seeds have much tougher seed coats (if you've ever planted morning glories you know you are supposed to nick them before you plant them) you may have to experiment with how long the seeds need to be soaked. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Check out this </span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d26AhcKeEbE" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" target="_blank">time lapse video</a><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> from YouTube of radish seeds growing. You will notice the radicle (root) emerging first, followed by the stem and seed leaves (or cotyledons) emerging later. Radish seeds are a great seed to experiment with because they sprout fairly quickly (3-5 days). </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Science Process Skills Used In This Activity:</b></span><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<table bgcolor="FFFFFF" border="5" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; width: 600px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Observing</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Communicating</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Classifying</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Measuring</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Inferring</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Predicting</b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Visit the science process skills <a href="http://mommaowlslab.blogspot.com/p/science-process-skills.html" target="_blank">page</a>
for more information on the different skills. I hope you enjoy this
activity! If you try it, please leave me a comment to let me know how
it goes! You can also post any pictures you take to the Momma Owl group
on <a href="http://www.flickr.com/groups/1846626@N22/" target="_blank">Flickr</a>. Have fun with science!<br />
</div>
<br />
<a class="pin-it-button" count-layout="horizontal" href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmommaowlslab.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F04%2Fgerminating-bean-seeds.html&media=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-R9GoapmlAro%2FT4tt5sKZTlI%2FAAAAAAAAAdo%2F-CO6A7TzBec%2Fs320%2Fphoto%252820%2529%2Bcopy.jpg&description=Dissect%20a%20bean%20seed%20to%20learn%20about%20the%20structure%20of%20seeds%21"><img border="0" src="//assets.pinterest.com/images/PinExt.png" title="Pin It" /></a><br />
<br />
<script src="//assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js" type="text/javascript">
</script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-14834240656453105302012-04-10T19:36:00.000-07:002012-04-10T19:36:17.513-07:00Our New Owl - Welcome Baby GabbyWell, I haven't posted anything for a while but for a pretty good reason, I think. We welcomed our third daughter, Gabrielle Elyse, into our family on March 10th. She's doing wonderfully and I've spent the last month in a state of newborn bliss - with all the sleep deprivation and good baby smells that it entails. I've had some time to think about Momma Owl and though I debated taking a longer sabbatical, I have some science activity ideas I'd still like to share and I appreciate the creative outlet that Momma Owl has become for me over the last six months. I may change things up a bit and incorporate some quicker activities that may better fit my (and maybe yours, too!) family life right now. We'll see how it goes... Wish me luck - and some sleep!<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ6JufvIxXOxJi9AU7zIgkEtYJKWN8xA2mcbpuYu2gjXTK1NdtLORWxDqLbx10n0nvxKmTpOZYa7J-KeOzgRLMRdc7bdaa3An3ZplOPvGUTCs3tsNvchvwjHhcUEEAPhTjMIxozqAm6Kzn/s1600/Gabby+at+1+mo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ6JufvIxXOxJi9AU7zIgkEtYJKWN8xA2mcbpuYu2gjXTK1NdtLORWxDqLbx10n0nvxKmTpOZYa7J-KeOzgRLMRdc7bdaa3An3ZplOPvGUTCs3tsNvchvwjHhcUEEAPhTjMIxozqAm6Kzn/s400/Gabby+at+1+mo.jpg" width="285" /></a></div><br />
<br />
<br />
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_f8e2ddb9842e6e49a3120566d851c0a0(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_f8e2ddb9842e6e49a3120566d851c0a0(document['FCTB_Init_9d53c5da916d8a4dbf2cb775abcd30b6']); delete document['FCTB_Init_9d53c5da916d8a4dbf2cb775abcd30b6']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_c455902158e50b4b8db4e398f8235f74(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_c455902158e50b4b8db4e398f8235f74(document['FCTB_Init_a64f09f0490831408b8de980bf936752']); delete document['FCTB_Init_a64f09f0490831408b8de980bf936752']
</script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-65874357094521502742012-03-03T20:06:00.004-08:002012-10-08T19:15:07.815-07:00Stick Forts and Brush PilesWe've been out exploring again and I wanted to share a fun activity that you can do if you have an abundance of sticks near your home - stick forts! Kids love forts of all kinds, from those they create inside with chairs and blankets to little niches they find for themselves outside. When I was young I lived in an apartment complex and one of the best things about it (besides having lots of kids to play with around - I always wanted to play school, if you can imagine that...) was that in the winter the plows would create massive piles of snow in the parking lot. And, when I say massive, I mean MASSIVE - maybe 10 to 15 feet tall and three or four times as wide. We quickly turned the snow piles into pretty elaborate snow forts, complete with a place to stock pile snow balls and dungeons. This activity taps into that love of forts by creating a natural stick fort and in the process you can relate their new fort to how brush piles are used by small animals as both shelter and as a place to raise young.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Materials Needed:</b></span><br />
<ul>
<li>sticks of a variety of lengths - pretty easy, right?</li>
</ul>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Process</b></span><br />
<ul></ul>
Start by selecting a site that is appropriate for your stick fort. It may be helpful to have a starting point against a tree stump or perhaps leaning the branches against a shorter branch from a tree, but its not necessary. Continue to add sticks until you have roughly a tent-shaped structure. As you build, have your child make some guesses about what types of animals might want to live in a shelter like the one you are building.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijA2vKkrZ4T3IeS6XEOFDz6alvSeWs-82IhwZJWzHRv1v3dp3sNNwZiYrl6_A6P82nVZ1hfQQR9PUtwLKBSG6zz_UOiy7dGnv1IdxAm0nlBUCIGhJ9uRypa1mGPZrd9OGRA1LEKMpem7yg/s1600/IMG_0539.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijA2vKkrZ4T3IeS6XEOFDz6alvSeWs-82IhwZJWzHRv1v3dp3sNNwZiYrl6_A6P82nVZ1hfQQR9PUtwLKBSG6zz_UOiy7dGnv1IdxAm0nlBUCIGhJ9uRypa1mGPZrd9OGRA1LEKMpem7yg/s320/IMG_0539.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
You may want to add small logs or some flat stones as seats inside your structure.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcTOHA5Q3RHmfINPV9DYdh3-WxVb6ChkGMPKkOZRqfIGI8_n6CBJNzmeBGBOKPQq6sQhMiQjLd8icT5oHeDE9dg8mVdyEzupZz7uwrYLeFkh_P_jN71Zx4rnsjDeKWwVlIBD8jgJi1bZSj/s1600/IMG_0549.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcTOHA5Q3RHmfINPV9DYdh3-WxVb6ChkGMPKkOZRqfIGI8_n6CBJNzmeBGBOKPQq6sQhMiQjLd8icT5oHeDE9dg8mVdyEzupZz7uwrYLeFkh_P_jN71Zx4rnsjDeKWwVlIBD8jgJi1bZSj/s320/IMG_0549.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Our friend, Lucas, gathering a log to use as a seat.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivtDKQf0B8ttdIVdlFUGfnmJWBqp3C5LrVdFikwRxOIR8132hV84gBTY9E5Rl8YAihgYLJv17VAR7yCdOr3u4e5Uf637cEGkOlcmCehxeqTHT7qikIpXyVru4klufmwTvPA0oJ_gV5Dd4a/s1600/IMG_0553.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivtDKQf0B8ttdIVdlFUGfnmJWBqp3C5LrVdFikwRxOIR8132hV84gBTY9E5Rl8YAihgYLJv17VAR7yCdOr3u4e5Uf637cEGkOlcmCehxeqTHT7qikIpXyVru4klufmwTvPA0oJ_gV5Dd4a/s320/IMG_0553.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The completed stick fort.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Discuss how the stick fort is similar to a brush pile for small animals and birds. It provides shelter and protection from both the elements as well as larger animals that might try to harm them. To illustrate this point, you can pretend that you are a larger animal (like a coyote) and your child(ren) are small animals and chase them into the stick fort. Once there, you must abandon your chase because you are too big to follow them inside, thus leaving them safe.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhYvPZFL9sYiR10fjvdsD0GSzRIJVEKIC2kDwBpQwNiiwoLkyjqz9Vk20AF9SQNBWGbS9JepIQUP2hy2tmBLjBXaCQm8gf6AyAk3RXCaLa6wUGuiQ-XmHlsI1f593RnpZ6rg9O9koz2BO/s1600/DSC_0066.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhYvPZFL9sYiR10fjvdsD0GSzRIJVEKIC2kDwBpQwNiiwoLkyjqz9Vk20AF9SQNBWGbS9JepIQUP2hy2tmBLjBXaCQm8gf6AyAk3RXCaLa6wUGuiQ-XmHlsI1f593RnpZ6rg9O9koz2BO/s320/DSC_0066.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Picture of a natural brush pile taken on our <a href="http://mommaowlslab.blogspot.com/2012/02/science-thursday-winter-nature-hike.html" target="_blank">Winter Nature Hike</a>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Continue to add sticks periodically through the year as you find them. You can also check the fort in different weather conditions to see how it would protect the animals inside. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCObmZkr5lCl68kHI7o1a6WvUcQZoSJj2R_PQEv9vj76F_b0BlyJ00i8wgN1wmsRJ5WpjjU0KaDVxMk4CaNVQWi9R4jnKHmBTHNDCRODu_TU_O9dNDXoy28QKD4q9VlSoMkgkdrbIGQMta/s1600/IMG_3826.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCObmZkr5lCl68kHI7o1a6WvUcQZoSJj2R_PQEv9vj76F_b0BlyJ00i8wgN1wmsRJ5WpjjU0KaDVxMk4CaNVQWi9R4jnKHmBTHNDCRODu_TU_O9dNDXoy28QKD4q9VlSoMkgkdrbIGQMta/s320/IMG_3826.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What's Happening?</b></span><br />
The stick fort that you created is similar to brush piles found in nature. A wide variety of animals use brush piles for shelter, places to rear young and sometimes even as a food source. You can often find tracks of small animals such as squirrels, chipmunks and even rabbits around a brush pile. In addition, there are many ground nesting birds, such as juncos, spotted towhees and house wrens that may build their nests inside a brush pile. Reptiles can also be found in brush piles and in some parts of the country, there are even certain butterflies that will overwinter in a brush pile.<br />
<br />
The spring is a great time to build a brush pile as you are cleaning up your yard from the winter season. (They are also a great way to recycle old Christmas trees!) A well-designed brush pile will last for years and can be fairly tall, from 4 to 8 feet, so you will need to think carefully about where you want to place it on your property and consider the tolerance of your neighbors. In addition, some communities have regulations surrounding brush piles, so be sure to check those out as well. The Human Society has a good <a href="http://www.humanesociety.org/animals/resources/tips/brush_piles.html" target="_blank">overview of building a brush pile</a> and you can also download a pdf for building a "<a href="http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/habitat/brush-piles-rabbit.pdf" target="_blank">Rabbitat</a>" (which I think is hilarious!) from the State of Virginia with some clear directions.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Extensions:</b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.nwf.org/Get-Outside/Outdoor-Activities/Garden-for-Wildlife/%7E/media/Advertisements/General/Certified%20Wildlife%20Habitat/Non%20IAB%20specs/220x220/CWH_2011_220x220.ashx" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.nwf.org/Get-Outside/Outdoor-Activities/Garden-for-Wildlife/%7E/media/Advertisements/General/Certified%20Wildlife%20Habitat/Non%20IAB%20specs/220x220/CWH_2011_220x220.ashx" /></a></div>
Consider creating a brush pile this spring for your bird and small animal friends as part of an effort to create a Certified Backyard Habitat for the National Wildlife Federation. In order to certify your yard, you need to have the following: food sources, water sources, cover and places to raise young. Once you get certified, you can even order a sign so that you can use to make your visitors and neighbors aware of your habitat. Interested in the idea but don't have a backyard that would work? You can also certify businesses, schools and places of worship. Check out the National Wildlife Federation <a href="http://www.nwf.org/Get-Outside/Outdoor-Activities/Garden-for-Wildlife/Certify-Your-Wildlife-Garden.aspx" target="_blank">website</a> for more information. We plan on getting certified this summer!<br />
<br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Science Process Skills Used In This Activity:</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<table bgcolor="FFFFFF" border="5" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; width: 600px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Observing</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Communicating</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Classifying</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Measuring</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Inferring</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Predicting</b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
I hope you enjoy this activity! If you try it, please leave me a comment to let me know how it goes!<br />
<br /></div>
<a class="pin-it-button" count-layout="horizontal" href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmommaowlslab.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F03%2Fscience-thursday-stick-forts-and-brush.html&media=http%3A%2F%2F3.bp.blogspot.com%2F-rTjT27ReHKM%2FT1LfKUZnjDI%2FAAAAAAAAAa0%2FHFry4I-RqLI%2Fs320%2FIMG_0553.jpg&description=Build%20a%20stick%20fort%20and%20relate%20it%20to%20brush%20piles%20that%20animals%20use%20for%20shelter%20and%20rearing%20young.">Pin It</a><br />
<script src="http://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js" type="text/javascript">
</script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-41487446841983261622012-02-24T21:21:00.010-08:002012-10-08T19:15:30.707-07:00Glitter Jars<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
I've seen these jars all over <a href="http://pinterest.com/recford/" target="_blank">Pinterest</a> the last couple of months or so, sometimes called "mind jars" and sometimes called "calm-down jars", and thought they might be a fun craft to make with the girls. (Okay, okay, so I'm totally dating myself here, but they remind me of the plastic glitter wands from the 80s and I really wanted to make one for myself.) <i> </i>Basically, mind jars are a tool to help kids, or anyone, when they feel overwhelmed. They are clear jars (either glass or plastic) that are filled with a solution of liquid and glitter. The glitter represents all the troublesome thoughts that are creating the stress. They are shaken to mix up the glitter and as the glitter settles to the bottom, you are supposed to visualize the things that are troubling to you also settling.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<i>A note about <a href="http://pinterest.com/recford/" target="_blank">Pinterest</a>: when I pin things on <a href="http://pinterest.com/recford/" target="_blank">Pinterest</a>, I really try to click through to make sure that I'm linking to the original post so that the original blogger gets the credit (although sometimes it is hard). </i> </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/086171573X/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&tag=moowsla-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=086171573X" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://ws.assoc-amazon.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&Format=_SL110_&ASIN=086171573X&MarketPlace=US&ID=AsinImage&WS=1&tag=moowsla-20&ServiceVersion=20070822" /></a>As far as I can tell, the post <a href="http://stilllifewithcircles.blogspot.com/2011/04/meditating-with-childrens.html" target="_blank">Meditating with Children</a> on "Still Life with Circles", is the first post I can find about the jars. It refers to the book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/086171573X/ref=as_li_ss_til?tag=moowsla-20&camp=0&creative=0&linkCode=as4&creativeASIN=086171573X&adid=13TR0E96RYVQRWX4QJW9" target="_blank"><i>Moody Cow Meditates</i></a> that has a recipe for the jars in the back. There are also a couple of lovely, later posts on <a href="http://www.herewearetogether.com/2011/06/27/another-mind-jar/" target="_blank">Mind Jars</a> and <a href="http://www.herewearetogether.com/2011/10/19/meditation-for-kids-dealing-with-anger-in-children-make-a-calm-down-basket/" target="_blank">Calm-Down Baskets</a> at "Here We Are Together", which actually describes a different method of making them than from the book. The first couple we tried to make failed miserably. In one, we added the big, fat (cheaper) glitter and it, literally, settled in about 10 seconds flat. Not what we were looking for. In the second container, we added Elmer's White Glue, which turned it into an opaque mess. Also, not what we were looking for. So, a few days later, after looking at the different recipes and thinking about the science behind what makes them work we decided to make an experiment out of creating the glitter jars. <i> </i></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<i>(I'm talking about the science of the jars here, not the science of meditation - I'm definitely not qualified to talk about that because I haven't been at all successful with meditation. The closest I get to stilling my mind is in my yoga class - and I haven't been there nearly enough lately!)</i></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Materials Needed:</b></span></div>
<ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<li>jars - we used half-pint glass mason jars</li>
<li>glitter - the fine stuff</li>
<li>hot water</li>
<li>whisk</li>
<li>bowl</li>
<li>light corn syrup and/or glycerine (found in the pharmacy section)</li>
<li>glitter glue</li>
<li>dish soap</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b></b></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Process:</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
We ended up testing the following six recipes. Yup, I know six is a lot. We kind of went overboard, but once we got on a roll we kept thinking of other ways to tweak the recipes and the girls were having fun, so we went with it. If you want to try this, you could definitely choose just 2 recipes, but make sure that you pick 2 that have fairly different approximate settling times so your child can really visualize the difference between the jars. The picture below is a pretty good representation of the settling rates of the different recipes.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtDvkbkPCZn5UafmMooLRNAHfBzcA88DdNiMl1yuYosLOOOQE-OGJG4LT9PoyprGiXV6_U5OouA3q6aepsPaU4hD8HQklBRbAAPtdVUm7QCOxSV_IbWSlMfSLSpmXTXsFPFusVdUIsA2gY/s1600/DSC_0037_2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtDvkbkPCZn5UafmMooLRNAHfBzcA88DdNiMl1yuYosLOOOQE-OGJG4LT9PoyprGiXV6_U5OouA3q6aepsPaU4hD8HQklBRbAAPtdVUm7QCOxSV_IbWSlMfSLSpmXTXsFPFusVdUIsA2gY/s320/DSC_0037_2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br />
<i><b>aqua (fastest settling time, ~40 seconds)</b></i></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
1 tbl glitter glue</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
1/2 tsp aqua glitter</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
1 cup hot water</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
3-4 drops dish soap</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<i><b><br />
</b></i></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<i><b>gold (about 1 min)</b></i></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
1/4 cup corn syrup</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
3/4 cup hot water</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
1 tsp gold glitter</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
3-4 drops dish soap</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<i><b>pink (about 1 min)</b></i></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
1/4 cup glycerine</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
3/4 cup hot water</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
1 tsp pink glitter</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
3-4 drops dish soap</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<i><b>silver (about 2 min)</b></i></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
1/4 cup glycerine</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
3/4 cup hot water</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
1 tsp silver glitter</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
2 tsp salt</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
3-4 drops dish soap</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<i><b><br />
</b></i></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<i><b>purple (about 3 min)</b></i></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
1/2 cup corn syrup</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
1/2 cup hot water</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
1 tsp purple glitter</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
3-4 drops dish soap</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<i><b><br />
</b></i></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<i><b>green (longest settling time, about 20 minutes)</b></i></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
2 tbl green glitter glue</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
1/4 cup corn syrup</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
3/4 cup hot water</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
3-4 drops dish soap</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<b>Step 1: </b>Using a whisk, combine the hot water and the "thicker" substance (glue, corn syrup and/or glycerine). Whisk until the mixture is uniform - usually the glue takes a little bit of work to get the clumps all out. Pour the mixture into the jar you are using.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihyphenhyphenAiiUFZQ3yWi_efwPiv6e0kh7n78SyFjqmVzqe2ZHKoVZ53zwfU4QAOypgGw3iGayeDi0_nPVp_trlhvr7npJKQWYpGD5QmRUBXF2NWo4Kw4VLM7HnUHGx5q-mFKpZ6qzXFSyEYwewbX/s1600/DSC_0027.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihyphenhyphenAiiUFZQ3yWi_efwPiv6e0kh7n78SyFjqmVzqe2ZHKoVZ53zwfU4QAOypgGw3iGayeDi0_nPVp_trlhvr7npJKQWYpGD5QmRUBXF2NWo4Kw4VLM7HnUHGx5q-mFKpZ6qzXFSyEYwewbX/s320/DSC_0027.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXL3BRLTDyVucmzGrqObd1GiGRggpohSb2GvdA7Lf7IjCL0AC1NJPnuoSvSQa46R0XV7baXXoon6ppOX6dWNmcDw2zuxgmTyJ8pTZnSx5ZjYo029bbixlY9wlqiI4zdhbS45ViCH6TiHqi/s1600/DSC_0028.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXL3BRLTDyVucmzGrqObd1GiGRggpohSb2GvdA7Lf7IjCL0AC1NJPnuoSvSQa46R0XV7baXXoon6ppOX6dWNmcDw2zuxgmTyJ8pTZnSx5ZjYo029bbixlY9wlqiI4zdhbS45ViCH6TiHqi/s320/DSC_0028.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<b>Step 2: </b>Add the glitter - we only used 1 color for each one, but you could definitely do more than one. (If you do use more than one color, don't be surprised if they settle out at a slightly different rate. Later, we made a jar with silver and pink and the silver definitely was slower at settling out; I'm not sure if that is due to different size or density of the glitter.) Put the top on and let your child shake the jar.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds6317UvZR-TrSckUS1TZCuOQwXn2V2sS7hp6WwFGwOghWDNBr52qrHlYO4RRCuNSbXDTx7BCIa2UlosM0O_CpxKSwbb63YHZnA6WlshmELVMgey75xUpiQ_5jjQHlLxbjqryN7oRIUiN/s1600/DSC_0021.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds6317UvZR-TrSckUS1TZCuOQwXn2V2sS7hp6WwFGwOghWDNBr52qrHlYO4RRCuNSbXDTx7BCIa2UlosM0O_CpxKSwbb63YHZnA6WlshmELVMgey75xUpiQ_5jjQHlLxbjqryN7oRIUiN/s320/DSC_0021.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<b>Step 3: </b> You will notice that some of the glitter remains floating on the top due to the surface tension of the water. (See the picture below.) Carefully add 3-4 drops of liquid dish soap to the top of the jar (I recommend an adult do this part) and shake the jar again. You should see the glitter distribute much more evenly.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSdeUq0cxyposW3k9_27YEfx4bRGGnq-kwEcSjF8W32rLkdqwVdgnkdhV5qQyIztavEH8hdO3EXkbxDpvoCUqXrt4fFs-MWOEZ2V5-uNrjR-EgkXwS3kH4-cgRzqybwM-F5cxz-caQ6tKC/s1600/photo(12).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSdeUq0cxyposW3k9_27YEfx4bRGGnq-kwEcSjF8W32rLkdqwVdgnkdhV5qQyIztavEH8hdO3EXkbxDpvoCUqXrt4fFs-MWOEZ2V5-uNrjR-EgkXwS3kH4-cgRzqybwM-F5cxz-caQ6tKC/s320/photo(12).jpg" width="239" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Note: this picture is from our first failed attempt with the bigger glitter, but the fine glitter will float at the top as well due to the surface tension of the water.</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<b>Step 4:</b> Have your child predict which of the jars they think will settle first then shake the jars and test the prediction. You can even use a timer and label the jars with the time it takes each to settle. Then have your child place the jars in a line from the fastest to the slowest settling times. Have your child draw pictures and record any observations in a science journal. You could also have them make a graph of their results.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW3Fmcbai8_DUBxGiNP52vVdmW00FEtXgdfxTZ81DGC1a_UPlmYh_ntt86Wek-7DPb9oFea73KBfpXS2c31svL1eLLwdeCJcdJqyF7Qa5hfoMQpypWkmSV2pq3fRvu7y7f7vIZtRGdT516/s1600/DSC_0023.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW3Fmcbai8_DUBxGiNP52vVdmW00FEtXgdfxTZ81DGC1a_UPlmYh_ntt86Wek-7DPb9oFea73KBfpXS2c31svL1eLLwdeCJcdJqyF7Qa5hfoMQpypWkmSV2pq3fRvu7y7f7vIZtRGdT516/s320/DSC_0023.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
A few final thoughts... It really didn't seem to make a difference whether we used corn syrup or glycerine (they both had about the same settling rate) and as corn syrup is much cheaper than glycerine, I would recommend using that. It does have a slight yellowish tinge to it, but we didn't notice it in the final product (and the glitter color slightly stained the solution anyway). You can't tell from the recipes above, but a while later we decided to add more glitter to one of the jars to see if that made any difference and it didn't really change the settling rate.<br />
<br />
If you do want to make a mind jar out of these and you have an idea for how long you want it to take to settle, there are a couple of ways to tweak the recipes. In general, if you find your mixture is settling too slow, add more hot water. If you find that it is settling too fast, you can add more corn syrup/glycerine or more salt. (Note: if you do want to use salt, you might want to try pickling or Kosher salt as it will make a clearer solution than table salt.)<br />
<br />
We also decided to transfer our mixture into a recycled plastic jar for a couple of reasons. One, as you may know from an <a href="http://mommaowlslab.blogspot.com/2011/10/fall-harvest-apple-picking-applesauce.html" target="_blank">earlier post</a>, I have recently become obsessed with canning so I jealously guard my mason jars. Also, the thought of the girls opening the glitter jars (and the mess it would create) is terrifying me so we transferred it to a small juice bottle that had the same volume. I plan to superglue the top so the girls can't open them.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6nN2ucqqyH8zcOdVROjoeIfuGhZ942MgdjS5GQcdx92_3g6_yAoDZA7mPL6ChA_05Vcd0X0EajINpt0JKovyFsw2GgFjtqqW3oppw7hGNaFg1H9ybNRWeT3tBTuBpqIR75EIIgWtHyBxs/s1600/DSC_0014.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6nN2ucqqyH8zcOdVROjoeIfuGhZ942MgdjS5GQcdx92_3g6_yAoDZA7mPL6ChA_05Vcd0X0EajINpt0JKovyFsw2GgFjtqqW3oppw7hGNaFg1H9ybNRWeT3tBTuBpqIR75EIIgWtHyBxs/s320/DSC_0014.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Now that we have our mind jars, I'm off to make a calm-down basket. And, maybe some glitter wands, too.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What's Happening?</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
There are three scientific concepts at play here: surface tension, viscosity and density.<br />
<br />
<b>Surface tension</b> is the cohesive force on the surface of the water that causes the water molecules to cling together. This creates both the typical circular shape of water droplets as well as a slightly more energized plane, or a surface "film", in which little things (like bugs or leaves) can walk or float. For a more in-depth explanation of surface tension you can go <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension" target="_blank">here</a>, or for a wonderful kid-friendly explanation, check out Amy's (from "<a href="http://science-mom.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">The Scientific Mom</a>") explanation in her <a href="http://science-mom.blogspot.com/2011/08/bubble-magic-and-teddy-bear-molecules.html" target="_blank">Bubble Magic and Teddy Bear Molecules</a> post. We talked a bit about surface tension in our <a href="http://mommaowlslab.blogspot.com/2011/09/science-thursday-rainbow-milk.html" target="_blank">Rainbow Milk</a> activity.<br />
<br />
<b>Viscosity</b> is a measure of how resistant a fluid is to flow. An easy way to think about it is how "thick" the liquid is at a given temperature. (Note that temperature does affect viscosity - think about what happens to honey when you heat it up!) Some examples of liquids with high viscosity are corn syrup, honey and motor oil. Some examples of liquids with low viscosity are water, vinegar and milk. Here's a <a href="http://www.apacks.com/resources/viscosity-chart/" target="_blank">viscosity chart</a> to check out if you are interested.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br />
We've talked about <b>density</b> before in our <a href="http://mommaowlslab.blogspot.com/2012/01/science-thursday-density-fun.html" target="_blank">density column activity</a>. Density is a measure of how much matter ("stuff") is in a given volume ("space"). Materials that are more dense than water will sink to the bottom and materials that are less dense than water will stay at the top. When we added salt to the solution, we increased the density of the solution. This made the density difference between the glitter and the solution smaller and slowed down the glitter. A classic example of this is the <a href="http://science-experiments.info/2007/08/egg-floating-experiment/" target="_blank">floating egg experiment</a>. In this experiment, an egg is placed in a glass of water and sinks to the bottom. Another egg is placed in a glass of salt water and floats in the middle of the solution. (This is a great start of the year experiment with secondary science classes, especially if you use Kosher salt to make the salt water solution as clear as the plain water solution.)<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Extension:</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
For older kids, I think it would be really fun to give them a design challenge. Explain the scientific basics behind the glitter jars, maybe even make a sample one but don't give them the specific recipes. Then tell them that you want them to make one that will settle in a designated amount of time, say 2 minutes. Have them record all the variations of their trials in a lab notebook. If they come up with multiple recipes that work, you could even have them calculate a cost analysis of the different ones and recommend one to produce.<br />
<br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Science Process Skills Used In This Activity:</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<table bgcolor="FFFFFF" border="5" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; width: 600px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Observing</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Communicating</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Classifying</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Measuring</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Inferring</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Predicting</b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
I hope you enjoy this activity! If you try it, please leave me a comment to let me know how it goes!</div>
<br />
<a class="pin-it-button" count-layout="horizontal" href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmommaowlslab.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F02%2Fscience-thursday-glitter-jars.html&media=http%3A%2F%2F3.bp.blogspot.com%2F-PiCb2aSBJCg%2FT0hI-R3YioI%2FAAAAAAAAAZs%2FvsFkpnvr_fg%2Fs320%2FDSC_0037_2.JPG&description=Explore%20surface%20tension%2C%20viscosity%20and%20density%20by%20making%20glitter%20jars%20with%20your%20kids.">Pin It</a><br />
<script src="http://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js" type="text/javascript">
</script></div>
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_161dfb5f3d8527458295b33b9fe45016(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_161dfb5f3d8527458295b33b9fe45016(document['FCTB_Init_f22a78e7c85fe8459496477125491169']); delete document['FCTB_Init_f22a78e7c85fe8459496477125491169']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_0bae56ba5b2cfc41a5c4589c2d422d9d(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_0bae56ba5b2cfc41a5c4589c2d422d9d(document['FCTB_Init_c8f934c9f3113e4d99d9277e93c503d3']); delete document['FCTB_Init_c8f934c9f3113e4d99d9277e93c503d3']
</script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com288tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-86124366057941151732012-02-18T14:52:00.000-08:002012-02-18T15:33:31.466-08:00The Great Backyard Bird CountDo you have an extra 15 minutes this weekend? Perhaps you have no school on Monday for President's Day and are looking for something to do? If so, think about participating in the <a href="http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc" target="_blank">The Great Backyard Bird Count</a>. This is a great citizen science project run by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology (in my hometown!). Basically, all you need to do is observe the species and birds you see over a 15 minute (or more) period and then <a href="http://gbbc.birdsource.org/gbbcApps/input" target="_blank">submit the data online</a>. The data needs to be collected by the end of the day on Monday, February 20, 2012, but you have a bit more time (until March 5th) to actually submit the data.<br />
<br />
The ornithologists at Cornell will use the data to create a picture of where the birds are during this weekend from all over the country. The data from this weekend, and from counts in the past, help answer questions like how the winter's weather has affected bird populations, if migrations will be similar or different from previous years as well as if any species are showing worrisome declines in population.<br />
<br />
The Great Backyard Bird Count website has a wide variety of resources to help you in your task. There are more detailed instruction for collecting and submitting the data, including some PowerPoint presentations. Not sure of which birds you might see in February in your area? You can <a href="http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc/press/news-stories/get-a-regional-bird-list" target="_blank">type in your zip code</a> and get a regional bird list. There is also a whole section for <a href="http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc/kids" target="_blank">kids</a>, including coloring pages. And, you can watch the data as it comes in and see other counts that are coming in from your zip code. How cool!<br />
<br />
And, inspired by the bird count this weekend, Maya and I (along with some friends) made some shaped bird feeders for our feathered friends. We followed the directions from this <a href="http://eighteen25.blogspot.com/2011/08/bird-feeders.html" target="_blank">post</a> on the Eighteen25 blog. Here's a pic of our finished product (I think its supposed to be an apple?):<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnH0ZGxHWJVz4qxTg69w8TObdnzdsYYifRKb6CY-vYpxNGqv2Q2YwzRl5I4vDjXPjnWuhLQ3KHTxOtxaDMKCnT-n7RQB_YbHCm9EOChr3PjVI_x8BegLbbyxa1L2UqMXo5kvbFJzIE4lEo/s1600/photo(6).JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnH0ZGxHWJVz4qxTg69w8TObdnzdsYYifRKb6CY-vYpxNGqv2Q2YwzRl5I4vDjXPjnWuhLQ3KHTxOtxaDMKCnT-n7RQB_YbHCm9EOChr3PjVI_x8BegLbbyxa1L2UqMXo5kvbFJzIE4lEo/s320/photo(6).JPG" width="229" /></a></div><br />
It is very easy to do (only requiring gelatin, water and bird seed) but I wouldn't recommend doubling or tripling the recipe, unless you have a virtual army of kids you are doing this with. One recipe made two large cookie cutter bird feeders - but the mixture cools off pretty quickly and, once it does, it loses its stickiness and makes it hard to put into the mold.Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-3534210199526775422012-02-16T19:31:00.002-08:002012-04-24T10:32:22.211-07:00Dissolving Sweethearts<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Well, Valentine's Day has come and gone (happy belated, everyone!) and, yet again, we have a stash of candy that we are slowly/quickly working our way through. My girls are not especially fond of the ubiquitous Sweethearts candy (nor am I, to be honest) - you know the powdery ones with the messages on them - so we've been brainstorming things to do with them. Here's what we came up with...</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Materials Needed:</span></div>
<ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00683HY8O/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&tag=moowsla-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B00683HY8O" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://ws.assoc-amazon.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&Format=_SL110_&ASIN=B00683HY8O&MarketPlace=US&ID=AsinImage&WS=1&tag=moowsla-20&ServiceVersion=20070822" /></a>
<li>Sweethearts candy - at least four of the same color, as well as a few additional of other colors</li>
<li>bowl with water</li>
<li>four clear liquids - we used water, tonic water, vinegar and sparkling water</li>
<li>four containers - we used Wilton's Love Potion Sprinkles containers (okay, I have to admit that I bought these because I really liked, and wanted to reuse, the test tubes more than because of the sprinkles themselves) but plastic cups would have worked as well.</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: large;">Process:</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<i><b>Sweethearts in Water</b></i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl4fQ-Xt4OiRBbWt0B3OtYWwyq-wkqCnp65EZ1hX6HFIAjOmfi0XR2P03gKZgaMP7QG_zTT3Gh4d25Z3iQj5HQW_fSOhLHX1aAB_ApOvyfltqNLVBcbvvC8baio76U6fdCfuiF43AWXLxo/s1600/IMG_0506.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br />
</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtjq-qhb-7J4nOQ_TfKJogxkwiV5Ras7FhymmF2ccq9PXixi7zeSDnNH6gXfKk6AAoZ9Ox2HLkmbR0G7OPdHF_ENxmC7rP8_HqURsNUJAEimqNPHyV62tmZA1jW6bOzi-Pg0zQ9Ptsas2w/s1600/IMG_0506.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtjq-qhb-7J4nOQ_TfKJogxkwiV5Ras7FhymmF2ccq9PXixi7zeSDnNH6gXfKk6AAoZ9Ox2HLkmbR0G7OPdHF_ENxmC7rP8_HqURsNUJAEimqNPHyV62tmZA1jW6bOzi-Pg0zQ9Ptsas2w/s320/IMG_0506.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
Start off by putting some of the extra Sweetheart candies into the bowl of water. Ask your child to predict what will happen to the candy once it is placed in the water. Allow the candy to soak for a while and you should see the colors start to come off into the water. (It may take 15 to 20 minutes to see a significant difference in the color of the water.) Some of the colors seem to dissolve a little faster than others - for us, it seemed like it was the blue and orange. We had enough of the orange left over so we chose to use that for the second part of our activity. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<b><i>Dissolving Sweethearts</i></b></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Fill each of your containers with a different clear liquid. Make sure to measure out the same amount of liquid for each of the containers.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNZNE9QQruuk5rLg8azPHHZTR5KvrwL3-nwzIx-ntTpZjgGoKBGrg30l2712TV8YH0PZA7Vl-jiXq7pl3QiPem_u-AvVriKdtw5kNrhgmFVyzBiuxKnaJ5H13rPXK9e5K6MXC1qSRwd2ie/s1600/IMG_0511.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNZNE9QQruuk5rLg8azPHHZTR5KvrwL3-nwzIx-ntTpZjgGoKBGrg30l2712TV8YH0PZA7Vl-jiXq7pl3QiPem_u-AvVriKdtw5kNrhgmFVyzBiuxKnaJ5H13rPXK9e5K6MXC1qSRwd2ie/s320/IMG_0511.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
We then labeled them with a dry erase marker so we could keep each container straight. Ask your child to predict which solution will cause the Sweetheart candy to dissolve first.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0V-o31Axi7K7tvgWKvRQP8vhrIvZnSZZspGYOTb15B5fiH4-eKm1ETtw0J1wICb1V5gi5e5CXh_CRexP9c2q3T4Wt_ib8p7k_kjnn3HhYUl253R634z1zVFAhizZdieEBSICRRS2KxtsF/s1600/IMG_0512.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0V-o31Axi7K7tvgWKvRQP8vhrIvZnSZZspGYOTb15B5fiH4-eKm1ETtw0J1wICb1V5gi5e5CXh_CRexP9c2q3T4Wt_ib8p7k_kjnn3HhYUl253R634z1zVFAhizZdieEBSICRRS2KxtsF/s320/IMG_0512.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Carefully, at the same time - or as close as you can manage it - drop your Sweethearts into the solutions in each of your containers.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2zfCFly7Pb-47R-feo3IXF583sSLEkMcmVx4hE5fURo2LxqO_STulosetgfYq3Liypzg9Lv2m2PVNlosZb-prFDC-qjA4pssDPXNOcFVB0-d4JIp5iMiUsnRn-hebqy8v7vokxn9naF0L/s1600/IMG_0515.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2zfCFly7Pb-47R-feo3IXF583sSLEkMcmVx4hE5fURo2LxqO_STulosetgfYq3Liypzg9Lv2m2PVNlosZb-prFDC-qjA4pssDPXNOcFVB0-d4JIp5iMiUsnRn-hebqy8v7vokxn9naF0L/s320/IMG_0515.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv3WAE9ZZf1bJjM5mKkEeD5vicbnTU9Lqnl9_DN4XPPcduBHl-i3zow35cgpDzR7POoH3E6cm52C6na4LPKHoxfz9cqCVaMUu66O-J3gi6j-h4L60uI-Ry6EaEob3pDZ32xEn-on_SQrjj/s1600/IMG_0515.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Watch each of the solutions carefully to observe any changes. As before, this can take a while. We set up a camera to make a time-lapse video of the process and used <a href="http://picasa.google.com/" target="_blank">Google's Picasa</a> to stitch the pictures together into a video. Below is the video we created, taking pictures every 20 seconds over the period of about an hour. Unfortunately, my "helpers" kept moving the camera the first 5 minutes or so, so the video starts at the 5 minute mark where you can see that the second test tube (containing tonic water) had already started to dissolve and you can see an orange tinge. As you can see, as the Sweetheart dissolves, it begins to "dance" (as my girls called it) and eventually floats to the top. (It was really fun to watch!)</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/rm636j6YbE0" width="420"></iframe></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
If you are using a science journal with your child, have your child draw a picture and describe the final results. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">What's Happening?</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
This activity examines the rate of dissolution. Dissolution occurs when a solute (a solid, liquid or gas) dissolves into a solvent (usually a liquid, like water). In this activity, the Sweetheart candy is our solute and the solvents are the different clear liquids that we used. There are several factors that affect the rate of dissolution including the nature of what is being dissolved and what is doing the dissolving - here we changed what is doing the dissolving. Other factors that affect the rate of dissolution include: temperature, surface area, how much has already been dissolved (saturation) and whether there is any mixing.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Extensions</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Try experimenting with one of the other factors that affects dissolution rate (temperature, surface area, saturating level and mixing. Older kids can make a data table and record the times at which the candy dissolved. Another great thing to do with younger kids is to use it as a simple color mixing experiment - drop different color Sweethearts in water and observe what color is created.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
As always, check out <a href="http://www.candyexperiments.com/">www.candyexperiments.com</a> for other fun ideas experimenting with candy.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: large;"><b>Science Process Skills Used In This Activity:</b></span><br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<table bgcolor="FFFFFF" border="5" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; width: 600px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Observing</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Communicating</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Classifying</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Measuring</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Inferring</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Predicting</b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Visit the science process skills <a href="http://mommaowlslab.blogspot.com/p/science-process-skills.html" target="_blank">page</a>
for more information on the different skills. I hope you enjoy this
activity! If you try it, please leave me a comment to let me know how
it goes! You can also post any pictures you take to the Momma Owl group
on <a href="http://www.flickr.com/groups/1846626@N22/" target="_blank">Flickr</a>. Have fun with science!<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
P.S. The time-lapse video was made with an older model Canon point and shoot camera. It does have a built in time-lapse option but it is only for a short period of time. A while ago, while we were installing some solar panels at our home, I came across a way to hack the camera to give it more capabilities. (Google "Canon Hack Development Kit" if you are interested.) Check out the <a href="http://youtu.be/EgioTgNZvlg" target="_blank">time-lapse video</a> we made of our solar project!<br />
<br />
<a class="pin-it-button" count-layout="horizontal" href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmommaowlslab.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F02%2Fscience-thursday-dissolving-sweethearts.html&description=What%20happens%20when%20Sweethearts%20candy%20is%20put%20in%20different%20liquids%3F">Pin It</a><br />
<script src="http://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js" type="text/javascript">
</script></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_dc2411280f8c0e4a8d20ef6356f58d05(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_dc2411280f8c0e4a8d20ef6356f58d05(document['FCTB_Init_2bad54286112194f82cea14bb14af295']); delete document['FCTB_Init_2bad54286112194f82cea14bb14af295']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_15f1f5c06ac8504aa09fb255bfaa8c9a(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_15f1f5c06ac8504aa09fb255bfaa8c9a(document['FCTB_Init_a64e4e722621f54ba8ce872cc5bd0834']); delete document['FCTB_Init_a64e4e722621f54ba8ce872cc5bd0834']
</script></div>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-18868816603620888372012-02-10T20:54:00.001-08:002012-10-08T19:18:38.061-07:00Winter Nature Hike<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHJnm6DNHRec6mMwFt1Mpdd3XgO6FZqWgrrczroNqtxXF94wOr0vABXK-8OAMhKz4-nZ8BY1KEj4eOlzV8dUKiwUYcs4m-H5FzIT39N0qpqcIQvdbJrL4d96-zQzXqyaMFmKY29_VZYLut/s1600/Winter+Nature+Hike-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHJnm6DNHRec6mMwFt1Mpdd3XgO6FZqWgrrczroNqtxXF94wOr0vABXK-8OAMhKz4-nZ8BY1KEj4eOlzV8dUKiwUYcs4m-H5FzIT39N0qpqcIQvdbJrL4d96-zQzXqyaMFmKY29_VZYLut/s400/Winter+Nature+Hike-1.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
In November, I read an interesting interview on <a href="http://outsidemom.com/2011/11/debi-getting-outside-every-day/" target="_blank">Outside Mom</a> about trying to get your kids outside everyday, even it is just for 15 minutes. I wouldn't classify it as a new year's resolution exactly, because that would doom it to failure, but it has remained in my mind ever since. As the weather has remained positively balmy, for February anyway, and we've been a bit home-bound with some winter bugs going around, we decided to take a winter nature hike. Winter is actually a great time to do a nature hike because the lack of foliage allows for better observation for some things that are normally hidden. Plus, animal tracks are often more apparent in both the mud and the snow that are typical of winter.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Materials Needed:</b></span><br />
<ul>
<li>weather appropriate clothing</li>
<li>method of recording findings - science journal or digital camera</li>
<li>guidebooks (optional)</li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Process and What's Happening?</b></span><br />
This is a very free-form activity. Encourage your child to use their five senses as you take your hike. Obviously, I'm not encouraging using taste during this particular activity (yellow snow...eew!) but they can definitely use the other senses. The sense of sight is so dominant for some people, it is often helpful to have your child close their eyes when you are working on another sense, like smelling or hearing. Think about what people do when they are trying to find something buried in the bottom of their bag or purse - almost always, without realizing, they close their eyes as they rely on their sense of touch to find the missing object. We were able to hear many more different types of birds with our eyes closed than we could actually see; even a black-capped chickadee, which is indicative of what a warm winter it has been because they don't normally migrate back up to Michigan until March. I highly recommend the <a href="http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/audubon-birds-a-field-guide/id333227386?mt=8&ign-mpt=uo%3D4" target="_blank">Audubon Birds app</a>, available in the iTunes store, although it is a bit expensive at $20 although if you watch the site they periodically have an offer when you can get all of the Audubon apps for only $20 total, which is a really good deal. The National Audubon society also has a <a href="http://www.audubonbirds.org/" target="_blank">free online guide to birds</a> - with most of the same information as the app - but less mobile. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0y6GdfEfSfvtY7CqTWDiXec7kMuPRF8Ov9ideEgeO8pLa_VUIKWXcjpIr4Krxi3ehAqcygxkpzh-DIcwZ6e_AIDQCM96lJV-8cJXrOzuFPomz6dbS4QLZfJvwg9BhNN2dR72dyNelwVUF/s1600/DSC_0078-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0y6GdfEfSfvtY7CqTWDiXec7kMuPRF8Ov9ideEgeO8pLa_VUIKWXcjpIr4Krxi3ehAqcygxkpzh-DIcwZ6e_AIDQCM96lJV-8cJXrOzuFPomz6dbS4QLZfJvwg9BhNN2dR72dyNelwVUF/s320/DSC_0078-1.JPG" width="320" /></a>Do find a way to document the experience. Older children could draw pictures and write descriptions in a nature journal. As this might be hard for younger kids, use a digital camera to document your walk. If possible, let your child take control of the camera to take pictures of what you find on your hike. Once you are done, you could print a collage photo, like the one at the top of this post - I used Picasa for it, but a lot of the photo labs (Target, Walmart, grocery stores) etc. will let you do it fairly inexpensively. You could also print all of their photos out and put them into a small album for them to review later.<br />
<br />
Some things that you might be able to observe on your winter nature hike are discussed below. <br />
<br />
<i><b>Animal Shelter</b></i><br />
With the decreased foliage, birds nests are much easier to see so be sure to direct your eyes upward. We were able to find three nests at the tops of three trees that were very close to each other (only two were captured in the picture below). As they are fairly large nests, I believe at least one of them belongs to our local red-tailed hawk pair. (We are super lucky to have a pair that lives so close to us - their courtship flights in the spring, with the male swooping and diving - are truly something to be seen!)<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyzmL7O6krwTeRZHzJU94JdL9QDvSFsWBM3RBOS_m-bL1lNz8-2srpJSge5W3BIJBrov_WT5govaURJ3V0LtVqw7ocnMFhTmCpLQ-IZvy01xZQT3bet5J7r0S_cBfbEW4RHo2zrb8eU56N/s1600/DSC_0077-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyzmL7O6krwTeRZHzJU94JdL9QDvSFsWBM3RBOS_m-bL1lNz8-2srpJSge5W3BIJBrov_WT5govaURJ3V0LtVqw7ocnMFhTmCpLQ-IZvy01xZQT3bet5J7r0S_cBfbEW4RHo2zrb8eU56N/s320/DSC_0077-1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
You also might be able to find brush piles that normally would be hidden in the summer. You can talk to your child about how the small entry points into the brush pile make it easy for small animals to get in and out but prevent the larger animals that often prey on them from entering. If you look carefully, you might be able to find other signs of small animals (squirrels, chipmunks, etc.) like tracks or acorns.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitVdQSRMI37StWd4Zw7Xsu8YN-d_kC2cYWbe9tuIF93ljA84ctsj23LxjycP5061BXN3AUc7YrK6s0Yi0Hd0U-RyEtmeQdePgSmWrZ3npjxryX3CAqsf2BtE6dcRrGB6xonwrv3j33wdNu/s1600/DSC_0066-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitVdQSRMI37StWd4Zw7Xsu8YN-d_kC2cYWbe9tuIF93ljA84ctsj23LxjycP5061BXN3AUc7YrK6s0Yi0Hd0U-RyEtmeQdePgSmWrZ3npjxryX3CAqsf2BtE6dcRrGB6xonwrv3j33wdNu/s320/DSC_0066-1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<i><b>Animal Tracks</b></i><br />
Winter is a great time to look for animal tracks, both in the snow and the mud. This is a great opportunity to practice making inferences, or educated guesses, about what might have made the tracks. To help, <a href="http://bear-tracker.com/" target="_blank">Bear Tracker</a> is a great resource for identifying tracks, including a free two-page track of common tracks in North America. We found deer, dog and rabbit tracks. If we'd had some Plaster of Paris, it might have been fun to try to <a href="http://chris-mclaughlin.suite101.com/how-to-cast-animal-tracks-a82440" target="_blank">cast them</a> as well. If you don't have Plaster of Paris, you can always<a href="http://www.buzzle.com/articles/plaster-of-paris-recipe.html" target="_blank"> mix your own</a> using white glue or flour - although I'm not sure how it would set up in the cold temperatures. Something to try another time...<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQRm9lnRakv7yRakuCS0n_mUXLZbZI6aJgW5LU36s2eFC5U4W99DkRrYuV8XHpUUrt8pZqZDaU9_ydZNTrzlAiShe7V3zuQWBOFvjfpK4_0p5HsTCFYQYniVjmnisW0CWrhm_2i11DoJzJ/s1600/DSC_0069-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQRm9lnRakv7yRakuCS0n_mUXLZbZI6aJgW5LU36s2eFC5U4W99DkRrYuV8XHpUUrt8pZqZDaU9_ydZNTrzlAiShe7V3zuQWBOFvjfpK4_0p5HsTCFYQYniVjmnisW0CWrhm_2i11DoJzJ/s320/DSC_0069-1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHAModka0mp7eHtZCbFe7xOp6DS4sOyeObVid_4bW2HH7tgu2CV9jrtwK2jMpG3LoqPTnXRwDkp-Q0PrVnKADbWrgwIE02vbM_j18qi1-A_J06dKzDU-8v0DsijHqfzPHSR-tu_M2Ebped/s1600/DSC_0075-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHAModka0mp7eHtZCbFe7xOp6DS4sOyeObVid_4bW2HH7tgu2CV9jrtwK2jMpG3LoqPTnXRwDkp-Q0PrVnKADbWrgwIE02vbM_j18qi1-A_J06dKzDU-8v0DsijHqfzPHSR-tu_M2Ebped/s320/DSC_0075-1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuySL8Q44UKGVYh8E-7res1h4gD8q4dnMqmYa570QT8-a76E4lw2wIUE1quX7VagSd0bZI3SD8r5ngJZIMCFfuBafIX8vLckaomKftdTBw9JDfnsjturtt9oSFJCzczWS-yeQrLRXpo34j/s1600/DSC_0074-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuySL8Q44UKGVYh8E-7res1h4gD8q4dnMqmYa570QT8-a76E4lw2wIUE1quX7VagSd0bZI3SD8r5ngJZIMCFfuBafIX8vLckaomKftdTBw9JDfnsjturtt9oSFJCzczWS-yeQrLRXpo34j/s320/DSC_0074-1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<i><b>Food Sources</b></i><br />
Look for seed heads and berries that may be a food source for the local birds and other animals. We found some winter berry plants and the girls picked some flowers for me - seed heads of Queen Anne's Lace, which I think we'll tie together and put on our nature table as it tends to be a little sparse in the winter time.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRx86anT-gZopcutM4z1GGsn-I4sBIDXILVsJfzwZKNgqDvNVLq-gtH5xtOToMi5w3mP_4Z8io3hHYxRIZRJUnA7GH7DgmU-OXOaqxX5ugJcI7T_qRU-9ewMiSqPVdMiVGxy1s7uwyFvTs/s1600/DSC_0065-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRx86anT-gZopcutM4z1GGsn-I4sBIDXILVsJfzwZKNgqDvNVLq-gtH5xtOToMi5w3mP_4Z8io3hHYxRIZRJUnA7GH7DgmU-OXOaqxX5ugJcI7T_qRU-9ewMiSqPVdMiVGxy1s7uwyFvTs/s320/DSC_0065-1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<b><i>Adaptations</i></b><br />
A nature hike in winter is also a great time to talk about adaptations that help plants and animals survive the colder temperatures. You can ask your child to compare the animals they might see in the summer with the ones they see in the winter. Where do the animals go? You can use this as an opportunity to talk about both migration and hibernation.<br />
<br />
In terms of plants, you can talk about the differences between deciduous and coniferous trees and shrubs. In general, deciduous trees and shrubs become dormant and drop their leaves in order to protect themselves against the lack of water that they face in the winter (snow pack doesn't count). Coniferous trees and shrubs, sometimes called evergreens, are able to keep their leaves (waxy needles) because the specialized needles are able to control for loss of water. (Note: there are some coniferous trees that do drop their needles, like larches.) During your hike, you can practice classification by pointing out the different trees you come across and have your child identify whether it is a deciduous or coniferous tree or shrub. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7al_ssLbn3fpuQFH7zl1XFkY68mhdqm-eR-OPMY4eKr7w6gFB8hpYotyVt-nmZRpMCd0wYwn7ZNQkfsGY9usPZZ1gE9rrw8UQxuVF8KTYNSJqZ7aKCKP4t0dgfmPo3la1KiV1xyulQACQ/s1600/DSC_0071_2-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7al_ssLbn3fpuQFH7zl1XFkY68mhdqm-eR-OPMY4eKr7w6gFB8hpYotyVt-nmZRpMCd0wYwn7ZNQkfsGY9usPZZ1gE9rrw8UQxuVF8KTYNSJqZ7aKCKP4t0dgfmPo3la1KiV1xyulQACQ/s320/DSC_0071_2-1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Extensions:</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0689817789/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&tag=moowsla-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0689817789" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://ws.assoc-amazon.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&Format=_SL110_&ASIN=0689817789&MarketPlace=US&ID=AsinImage&WS=1&tag=moowsla-20&ServiceVersion=20070822" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=moowsla-20&l=as2&o=1&a=0689817789" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" /><br />
There are lots of books about winter for young children. A few that we like, include <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0689817789/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&tag=moowsla-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0689817789" target="_blank"><i>When Winter Comes</i></a>, by Nancy Van Laan, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/0064451658/ref=as_li_ss_til?tag=moowsla-20&camp=0&creative=0&linkCode=as4&creativeASIN=0064451658&adid=1HPMCYN7GN189KG57YE4" target="_blank"><i>Animals in Winter</i></a> by Henrietta Bancroft and <a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/0064451941/ref=as_li_ss_til?tag=moowsla-20&camp=0&creative=0&linkCode=as4&creativeASIN=0064451941&adid=1BZ88CNXWQGXPJAM20X1" target="_blank"><i>Big Tracks, Little Tracks</i></a> by Millicent Selsam. If you have used a digital camera to document your hike, it might be really fun to write your own book and then print it on one of the photo lab sites like <a href="http://www.shutterfly.com/" target="_blank">Shutterfly</a> or <a href="http://www.kodakgallery.com/gallery/welcome.jsp" target="_blank">Kodak Gallery</a>. <br />
<br />
If you want to explore animal tracks further, think about using small plastic animals to make tracks in play-doh. Two Chicks and a Hen has some great pictures of their <a href="http://twochicksandahen.blogspot.com/search?q=candy+cane+playdough" target="_blank">footprints activity</a> using the <a href="http://tenkidsandadog.blogspot.com/2010/01/s-is-for-snow.html" target="_blank">playdough recipe</a> from Ten Kids and a Dog. (I just love both of those blog names!!) I also really like this <a href="http://mymontessorijourney.typepad.com/my_montessori_journey/2011/01/animal-tracks-booklets.html" target="_blank">Animal Track Booklet</a> activity from My Montessori Journey that uses free animal track cards from <a href="http://www.montessoriforeveryone.com/Cultural-Materials_ep_61-1.html" target="_blank">Montessori for Everyone</a>.<br />
<br />
Finally, this might be a great opportunity to start a nature table or bowl if you don't already have one with pinecones or seed heads or pictures that you took from your winter nature hike. A nature table is a small space, usually at kid height although depending on the ages of your little ones you may have to rethink that, on which to display some of their findings from their explorations in nature. If you have limited space, a bowl may be used instead. Sometimes people create miniature scenes using fairies or gnomes and other times its more of a collection. I'll try to write more about our nature table and post some pictures in an upcoming post.<br />
<br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Science Process Skills Used In This Activity:</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<table bgcolor="FFFFFF" border="5" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; width: 600px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Observing</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Communicating</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Classifying</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Measuring</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Inferring</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Predicting</b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
I hope you enjoy this activity! If you try it, please let me a comment to let me know how it goes!</div>
<a class="pin-it-button" count-layout="horizontal" href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmommaowlslab.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F02%2Fscience-thursday-winter-nature-hike.html&media=http%3A%2F%2F3.bp.blogspot.com%2F-byjLTlGjqjg%2FTzXkfSsQSuI%2FAAAAAAAAAXY%2F6onMkDVrBvw%2Fs1600%2FWinter%2BNature%2BHike-1.JPG&description=Explore%20nature%20with%20your%20child%20with%20a%20winter%20nature%20hike.">Pin It</a><br />
<script src="http://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js" type="text/javascript">
</script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-19960052175401497342012-01-27T09:22:00.001-08:002013-07-09T15:17:22.341-07:00Crayon Rocks<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfAfFKTwS4NiddCDRZqaUxxKvOJz5d7i8R9HI8yrCWZfCTe6mOpGkjH9I_ILFKQYdMpV9I6iOmFQLzYxMM-AZcKVEk0Vr9Rbt89exKqa4ZY7GJyhrQrc1BvKpb4Z_CRILyRCQdrhYKtayC/s1600/crayon+rock+cycle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfAfFKTwS4NiddCDRZqaUxxKvOJz5d7i8R9HI8yrCWZfCTe6mOpGkjH9I_ILFKQYdMpV9I6iOmFQLzYxMM-AZcKVEk0Vr9Rbt89exKqa4ZY7GJyhrQrc1BvKpb4Z_CRILyRCQdrhYKtayC/s320/crayon+rock+cycle.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
<br />
We've had a very, very warm winter here in Michigan. With such little snow, the ground has been exposed and my little rock hounds have been <a href="http://mommaowlslab.blogspot.com/2011/12/science-thursday-creating-rock.html">collecting rocks</a> again. I thought we'd revisit the types of rocks again (sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous) - but this time give them a more active and visual way to think about how each are formed. There are many examples of creating rocks from crayons, but this <a href="http://www.exo.net/%7Eemuller/activities/Crayon-Rock-Cycle.pdf" target="_blank">pdf </a>from the the Exploratorium is very helpful.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Materials Needed:</b></span><br />
<ul>
<li>crayons, several of each in four different colors</li>
<li>crayon or pencil sharpener</li>
<li>4 containers for holding the crayon shavings</li>
<li>3-6"x6" pieces of aluminum foil</li>
<li>popsicle stick or other disposable stirrer </li>
<li>mug</li>
<li>boiling water</li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Process:</b></span><br />
Unwrap the crayons and use the sharpener to create shavings. You can also try to make the shavings use a penny or a plastic knife, although we found that the sharpener was easier and more productive than the penny or knife especially for the little ones. Make sure to keep the shavings separate from each other at this point.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9ACoAPKZk7NpHVk0sAIZm3_sz36dqntnm3amTW4QcF8HzblibCsMMWOoVWYCkW1k8sXKQmcwyo8SuBHEisAnfkMsok_X99wwvnZqn2tWC_O4HBmSx8kLKGz6FrWDkGtHmRRwzx5Swu_Z9/s1600/DSC_0003.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9ACoAPKZk7NpHVk0sAIZm3_sz36dqntnm3amTW4QcF8HzblibCsMMWOoVWYCkW1k8sXKQmcwyo8SuBHEisAnfkMsok_X99wwvnZqn2tWC_O4HBmSx8kLKGz6FrWDkGtHmRRwzx5Swu_Z9/s320/DSC_0003.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu2SpGcuhm59BcB6dIYepIbpjiShGNk83iHRgMS0Cdce3SWdRBe14o1PcA8k9n3IA_U314CxnyAy7R_Ctf5z9w_Ebcb43FA2wxzvINmnO8tYku3eam19PqActeub1O-Ysx5W4s77HdddFb/s1600/DSC_0004_2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu2SpGcuhm59BcB6dIYepIbpjiShGNk83iHRgMS0Cdce3SWdRBe14o1PcA8k9n3IA_U314CxnyAy7R_Ctf5z9w_Ebcb43FA2wxzvINmnO8tYku3eam19PqActeub1O-Ysx5W4s77HdddFb/s320/DSC_0004_2.JPG" width="212" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnp5zPuE4HqeCvKlCSFzNn6wmEenfK_xLHlU7yzIx-jSbjrMxq3mf-PPIxf0BDW4j8iXNP_TcivOMusnDjcf3gFzFku8VIB4T5grSEaZfPG1D1c7at0iBsxMRB7HqJA-RRBJTl-aM_6cFa/s1600/DSC_0005_2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnp5zPuE4HqeCvKlCSFzNn6wmEenfK_xLHlU7yzIx-jSbjrMxq3mf-PPIxf0BDW4j8iXNP_TcivOMusnDjcf3gFzFku8VIB4T5grSEaZfPG1D1c7at0iBsxMRB7HqJA-RRBJTl-aM_6cFa/s320/DSC_0005_2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<i><b>Sedimentary rocks</b></i><br />
Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments (tiny rock particles that were created by weathering or erosion) that were layered and then compressed. To replicate this with the crayon shavings, take one of the aluminum foil squares and have your child sprinkle each of the colors of shavings into the middle of the square, one at a time so they will form the layers.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlxW82U9VUKN1azoQvYfT7iPBia1_2CEzg9IcKL2GVo5Msj4Cvun-slM05-EvECg4AjdVaSAj-p_7WDoX0ONwa-1QZYpjs7lYXl8rezfHp0G8ipKCaWxvw5n8TY-Ey6hSCvpQG5EX1xflX/s1600/DSC_0006.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlxW82U9VUKN1azoQvYfT7iPBia1_2CEzg9IcKL2GVo5Msj4Cvun-slM05-EvECg4AjdVaSAj-p_7WDoX0ONwa-1QZYpjs7lYXl8rezfHp0G8ipKCaWxvw5n8TY-Ey6hSCvpQG5EX1xflX/s320/DSC_0006.JPG" width="212" /></a></div>
<br />
Fold the aluminum foil up tightly around the shavings and then compress it. To do this, they can press on it with their hands, step on it, place it in a clamp or use your creativity to think of other ways. .<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYIupRWOem0eVJTWj4DGOhFxW8Ofzd10tQcIb-3-n-q2ik3nBzScU-2bWoZLXxxRbXzZmVBZ_IaehZjIbAwcQ0757GXWGkXIxI7wLA95qMHFLoCkfA4woW_P6xrghs0lWvxfbb6qAJ4AH2/s1600/DSC_0007.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYIupRWOem0eVJTWj4DGOhFxW8Ofzd10tQcIb-3-n-q2ik3nBzScU-2bWoZLXxxRbXzZmVBZ_IaehZjIbAwcQ0757GXWGkXIxI7wLA95qMHFLoCkfA4woW_P6xrghs0lWvxfbb6qAJ4AH2/s320/DSC_0007.JPG" width="212" /></a></div>
<br />
This does take a while to get the crayon pieces to stick together and we found that a little body heat "helps" the process along. Carefully unfold the foil and remove the sedimentary rock with care as this is the most brittle of the rocks that you are making.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A sedimentary crayon rock.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<b><i>Metamorphic rocks</i></b><br />
Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are exposed to heat and/or pressure. To mimic this, take another square of aluminum foil and pile all four colors of shavings in the center. Fold up the sides of the aluminum foil to make a boat. Pour boiling water into a mug (adult job!) and float the boat in the hot water for 15 to 20 seconds, just until the shavings have started to melt.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN9kdIRYM1XsKwOGnp8wRVoit8DCG1pwV8tVbiYHKNr0i33TSUlHHXfrF-zn3HjkxVP1nr92oxxQm3g_ee7zcZ0cKcfcrIabGIY-MLiBDCP87kbk0jjOwxjzRy_RPFeN90Dyk_SVvEL6Bg/s1600/DSC_0008.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN9kdIRYM1XsKwOGnp8wRVoit8DCG1pwV8tVbiYHKNr0i33TSUlHHXfrF-zn3HjkxVP1nr92oxxQm3g_ee7zcZ0cKcfcrIabGIY-MLiBDCP87kbk0jjOwxjzRy_RPFeN90Dyk_SVvEL6Bg/s320/DSC_0008.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Quickly remove the boat and fold the foil in half so that the shavings are compressed a bit. Let it cool and solidify and then open the foil and remove the metamorphic rock.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="200" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAIoAAACKCAIAAAD65UUzAAAgAElEQVR4nOy7d3QsWXXovc+p6qquzjnn3MpZV/Eq55yzWi21OkitnHMrx5tzHDCYwdhgsDFgm4ex8XLAwLPBxjYPDDYmPEw2GJh71e8PaQLDwMcQrvG32Kq1qlXd61TV/tU+O5xdEP21/AoL/HdfwK/lJ8mv8fxKy6/x/ErLr/H8SsuvBp7Tn/zdT/r6/9/yjPA8/SEdn76s9NNoNHoaPX0SfXoaPfv7iXL+8/Nfnp6enj49fXGg09Po6emrx3/lCf8Hkn6G1vNq5ZyrORp9Go0+fcXhH3z/u1/75tf+9Wv/91P//tm/+/Ln//HrX/ncN772uR987+vR6JPXGPNpNPr0bKwnT6NPTs+fhP9hGH6cPCs8P/JAv6jal+VbX/v833/499775shbrnnu7Zbe2rxwvJh4MJ92spR3abX0/nH377xh4c//6P6nP/nBb3z1X5784JuvOsM5puiTl+3y9Ic+/sjV/A+QZ4jnNRlFo//1n9/4+7/503c+t3M8VbDhUa/1szc8eNMLG15Y6oPZHpjqgtFmCNTCSCNMdHIWBo37U9mPjrre97v7n/jYO7/8hU88eeHbP3q60/PtNBo9/TWe/w85fS02n//sp37/jXd3h1r9+aahfHK2ETb6YXsItr2wO4i3BvBKHywNwHw/TLZBsBTClXiyHgcqIFQBU00w1UEv9Km3xzKfOwl88F0PP/W3f/G1L/7bk+9/71XnfdFMX+nXfo3nh+VVnvoTH/2bo4211ovZ+SphAR/a7DBeDauDeCtI7QSJ7SHY8qBIH17pxgvdxGwHHq8DTwZ401GoiPDkwWAejFfCaCWEyiBQAp4cVle6aLjEteGrf3Sy+O7nb/z1n73jX/75w9/4j8+fvvC9H39R/wPkWQfWn/3Up7aXVzJcsUo2V40pF8W5wGfXOHCwFi8OopVhvBpAK4N4oQMWW9BsI5qsR5NNeLQaeTOJrhjoSYSueOhPwoF0ciABDWbAaAnpyUFFesjkQ66cqo5Vecvip3vzV0erDpe7Hl+ZeM/brn3sr//wi5/7x+/959ejpz8SXLxafrWs6pni+bsP/0VrVbWExRUgjoQSKNgiLSO1cfnparIlkxhvIua6YbYPT7WToxUwVYkmKmGkBMaqcKgSDeVCbzzqcBB1OlSjRe1mosuC+uPAn42G84m2JKJYi9NEhJONUpXc+nSTvy4p3BY73mGe6jYsDMbuThXf2x/8nceRP3nvc//0iQ995Uuf/a/vfvNHYJxGT5+cnp6eviJ+/++VZ4TnB9/7rz9697t6muvNcoVWIFdy5BJaIqRFYpqvZhgrn8pU49YUPFJFjjaCtwB1p4A/lxgrJkZKYKwChcvwcA7qSSAbzVSRBOcJUKkU16uhwwYDyTCchb0ZrEYHcVFFxglpB4eKF/GKnfruAme40TbTqZvrUc52K2a6lTPdmnmPfT2UeThfd2M/8NbH++//g+c/8pd/8uUvfO4V0cvT09Mn0dMn0ejT/3Yf9SzwPHnhyfPPPVdTVJARExNvtscaHXaVRS3QShiFmM2TsNlKimOiqQwVNKYQbVm4OgaqbdCVhD0ZyJMJgznYn0d6M8gWJy5SQI4QcnlQKERlEqjVQIsNWl3QaEelKsgQ4DgxL1YkiBUK48WiLK24LlHVX6gbqdFOtqjnupRz3bLpbsVUj3qyWzvSoR1uMfla4ofaMqf8jW9+eOkL//bpsws+fTmN/m8G9CzwfPHz/97f0pKdkJjujku0uuIt7gRrnEPr0vD1cq5UxhUoOAIDjxMrxRl6yDWjQiuucKDGWNQaCy12aLXjZic02FGpFrLEkC1CFyVEsRSXyaFGg+pNuNaES7U4W0rGc1k2hrEwtI1L2zmUjSYSxZxSq6w1WebJlYQqZOF6xViLeqxDPdGtnOlTTveqxjpVviZVb62uq8YxP1r3v9735u999zyjOo1GX13ueObyLPD8w8c/0VhafiEuJckeH2NyOfX2GJPbZYhV8vUSjkIhlGklUptCkKhmMrSsDC3K0kGhCapsqMGGms2oxYjrtVCrhkoFFMtQsYwslVOlclyqhHINqtASRRp8QY7iRdjBJa00y8ImLQxpYhNmmrCxyVQ5tyZG0p4i6E7jeLJFw4XKYIUy3KiYbFdN9yine6VT/dJwl9TfrPDVq8Ltjgcn4X/62z89ffq96Jnt/LfObr9EPKcv3tnHPvLRyovFSfb4OGusw+i06+1OvcOhd8kFOj4tFXLEcr7IIBa4lcJkLT9FTSUqiBQV64KOvqijSrRkhY6s0bLqVbhRTTRpWM0aqkVNNKpQtRpXKokyKS4Q4wsiMpHHcnMoF0M6GNLBsOwc2sahrAx2C3Ghjdeawe9IIzuTqN40oTdHPFwkClWJx5tlU12ymT7xdL9gqls41SEO1/P81fwlb/Jb7y7+26c/9stTzk8pz8J6PvF3Hy/LK3ab3Q6j22Z0OoxOl9HpNLiUAi2fJeKx+DyKL2ILFDy+Tsg1iRiTkDEK2WYRYxcxbjEdK6ETpEyGjL4opyvVdKuR8djYg3ZqyE4PWdiDBmZAz+9WC5ukogqRKEfES+bTsXzazWdsDMvGEE4uTpFAfSLlyWN1pUCLm+hM5HiyOUOF1Gg1f7JNMtElnOzmzffy53sFMx38cC0ZrqJGaoVroZz3/96973zryy/fyXmF8PSl/37ZpvUsrOfjf/vxwqxCm8Fp1jksBqfd4HKbY1zmGLVYK2SL+LSARwu4FJ9PcwQ0I2EYGcNWMmwVQ6sYWslmKxm2ikvrebSdRycIqHw51WRke5zsgJsec5IzTnIhhr3o4s/bRBNGcbeCn8MlXQxhYVgmmjBThJMiEzi4xsYaziX9Bag7DTe5iZ5Utq+YCtUSYy3keAdnvJUz1c7M9zDzfZzZDmqinhirZYUbuJNt2huRzk9+9IMv3lI0Gn0hevr0Rb90+vTFesQvCdWzsJ7PfeZzVUVVFq3NrLGbNXa7wR1ni4+xxmqlOjFHJGTzBRSXz+IIKLaAokUULaEpOZtWMZSCZskolpRiSWmWnGapacpAE24GskVQp0IeHR7WoaAexsxo1sFactOLDnpER9fwUTwLGSjSwGZZ2aSNjRM4qE5BhOLJiQIyWMpuTSJrzagvixmtZY02QbiZNdrAGmnEE+3EXC8x30vMtOOpFmK6nZpq5/sqhYG6hOfvX/raV7/08i2dmdHp0+jpk9Po0/Mw/JegumeB5+tf/fpAe79ZZTKrrRaN3W5wxtsTEh0JZoVBzROpGK6S4chojpSipDQlpVgympLTLCVDKdgsOUXKKEpKsWQUS0bTSpoysHEsF/JEuF6CGsWoSYjaJKhXgQJ6CBsgrMO9UiKbRlaKNNCUk0vFCVhpAlwpAp+FHM9AE2WEL5+uNKIaC/ZdJCfqcbgRBerRcB2Em2GyA2a6Ya4HZrvRTDea7qQmWvg9ueyKeMlod8373v6Wb331i2c39dKq09No9MkPrTb9IuVZ4PnPb/9naDBoUZnMKotZbbcZnImOhDRnYrzW6JLJY6USl1BoZjhaNq1ms5QUS8kiFSxCRZNKmlRSpJJiKShSRrOkNC2laRXNsnKIFCGrQEzm81E2G2XRZC5NlvFwvRC6xKhdRBQzKI5FWCjsZsh8Ma9SwalXogELHk+AuTyYLCHbk8gSDXTFkuNlrHAjBJpRqBmHm2CsBSY6YKoLprthugvGWyHcTIVqeU1J7Dw9pzzWtuhte+/bbn3xXz95enpuLS9WGJ68dOQXKM8kLX3yZGs9YlaZzEqrUWW36h2J9rgMR2yaVp+mVGSp5elScQyXY6JYeorU0qSaRahYpIoiVSxSRbHUFKmiCAWFZRQpoSk5TerYhJuPc+RErhInCcDJxnYW6aTJFA6rmENVCKgSHpnJJuLYRCqHqhILe5Uij4btMxBhO8ykwkwRGSxiN8cQrVY8nEWO1ECwBUbb8FgrCrei0VYYb0OTnWiqE421gK8cBnKI3gtMeTw32yKtSzAOF5n3hkve8/DgS5/+25dWCJ+e/lJKQM+oqPPRj3ykJK/IIDWa1A6bwZnkiLtgd2VqVBlyYaaUmybixHEoM4vQU1hLE2qaVFCkjCLkFEtJU0qaUrJJBUWcTXRymqVhCJsQX9DhIjsry4xj5MjIxQaGZWPoZA6Tw6MLeFQel87mMvl8poxPNwrYnWK2V0EGtDDmxNMXyOkyrr+A3xEH3YnIX0iMNxNjHWikE4U7UbgNws0w0YqmO9F4G/grUHssNDrImjROXgyvPlY7mK4YSqPG8yUnI6Xv/62r//GFf/rl6e3ZlUTXl9YNMoNZZbPqHcmO2IK42ItGTYaMm8onk3lkPEPZGFJHYw1NqChCRpESipSwznjQSoZSsEk5RSpoSsmmtFzSKsJJOpTrIooSiFwnmaQiXXzKxtAONp3IsHJ47AIep4jLFPCpXB7K4+AyLt3AI/qkyK8ngm40kkGOFQt7s1hNbuhKwGPVxFgnCnWjcDeMdUC4Gcab0WQ7Gm+H0Wboy0YVGqh0MGUx3CqHpCdd7s1hPEngTcThAtnRSOH/esflb371s+f3+Qs1oWeH57kHjx06q01tdZgcKS53aYK7zKLKlnFS+WSagE7ls2M4LCOb0NGEhmKpzj0QS0Gz5DSloFkKmiVn0yqGrWFYRh7pklKJOpzqgNwkVJZClMWgLDURK6CtHLaNw6RweSVCQSWfKeCTeSKyQECWclnlHKJOgDvluE8Lg1bsT6QHc4XtiUy9Gfqz8GgLOdqJRrrQaAeMtsJoExptRKNNMNIK/gayOYm8qML5WlaVi9+bKRspEflzqB439NphMAnGq0XXV+v/91+8/YXvf+vsZp+eN6pEn77ctxKNvn52zw7Pe37/3fFWt1VldpmcKS53aUJMuU2bK+deEFHZYnaWiJPAY1vODIgiNRRLzSI1FKmmSAVFSilSSlMSmpbRtJKh9TzaIWMS9WSKEzIT4WIqrkyjSl1khgLHCGg7l0ng8opF4kapuFrILRWxi0WsMiFVwacrOEQtHzVJcJsCd+ogkCEIFEk6UlltqTBcjQNt4O+AYAeE2iDYCMFaCFVDoBqCDai/mMpUgZuDcjRMd4pwrEQQLGL3JaIuK3SZoTcWvDloql373BXfpz75wdPoD6Lnte+n0dMnZ5HdS61CrytDenZ4/uHjHy/JuWhTml0GZ6oztiQxvsJpKlAI8sR0rpjKFXKSBVwLh9JQhIpiaWhKQ5NailCzCDlFiiiWgEXzKUZAMRI2R8FhDCLGqSGT7SgzEWWl4YsZZFkyUWTD6XIyXkTF8Zh0Lr9ULK+XKioEolw+J4/PKeXzKrlMOZ8s50OVAFrl4HNTExXiQLWgJ5foK4ChJhhuheFW8DXDcB0MlaCBLBjIRIP50J0D2UZw8sgkKbsulh7Io/pz2W3xuNUKXWbUoUMdRuiKAW8+seSNedu9qX/7P391DuSl7rAXKw6/oniePnlhfX450RIbY3ClOOKKkhPL3fYCtTRHxM4V01kibjyPq2ezZRQlo9gKilbRLA1FqilKRlFCmuZRHC7N47H5fDZPyOZKuRy1iIrREpkxODMZpSbDhWTIj0c5JpSmwDEClolNOxjBBZ7sIk+exZVmcwSVXGETn18rpCoEUCeGLg0atJOjF6mpJv5wBd2TB94KFGjCw03YWwf9pajnAm62o3o9arLjhhhcYkdpapwox6VuVnsW1ZHGrnVStWay0UDUKcgqEapTQLsdPOkwXIKXPLF/9Lbr3/vO16LR6Gk0+sLpWQPRmfW8jvzoma6W3r9262JiTqo9OcEWk5uYWOR25KoUmWJehpiXxOfZOTwNzZPRPBnNV9JcFc3WUJSaomUstpDm8GkelxZyaDFDiziUkM8WiDlco5idYCATXRAbC4kJOD0RZbvhggFiJVjJoUQUo2PxY2lJOiMp4opa+aJ+Ea9HwmqT4nY16rWCNw4HsmGqjppo5QyVkv0XYaga+xvJoTrUVwKtqVCmhRwhypJR2Sq6wEKWudgFFqLMidvSqY50qsbNKjWSJVoqX0xmclAOHxVLUb0BepKJvkzcc0Fwc9n7lc99Mhp9RX/X6enrWqR4JnhevJiTrYO82Av5ibkJtrjMuIQcpz1TpUoTSxLEYrdAbOFLtVyZmiNVcyRajlDPcA1stpZmKyhGRPP4lIBLiRlaxqakDCXhskV8tlDKCPVixqrFDjOKdZCpccSFBJRhRzEqQs2jBBQjoLhKNt/JERYKRV0ywbCaDmjRkBX5EtBwBgTyIFgIYxVoroOZaGEPlEBfCQzWIn8TGqqDjnxcZIIUEYrh03YOK1aC821MS6agMRW3pBBdmXRDMl1koXI1TJqYHcuw3DQriSGzBbjGSPSlMjVWyJHBdHPZP/71B39IFa8nPPjF4vkxJ3/x2P7GdpY7rSStKNWVnOaKy7DZUpSaJKnSLVXaJSqLRGcQaYwClYEvN/LEFp7AwuMZORw1zUgoHp8l5FBShpazKTlDybm0lEuLeJRUzBNopGyzhuXQ4FgjpLhwkoO0KpCGR0gpik+zOTSjoHlpQl6rnhNysyZS0EQejJcTU7V4uhGN1cBIOUzU49lO9ngrM1CJ+ithqBF8LTDYSNZns9J14OKRZg7bIuDESFkVydz+ckFrJm5Jouvjhbl6XqqcGy9m2zi0lUU6KRTLwAUhqjUx5SZ2PAecLGhKd77vrfef/ODbZ6p4XenrLxbP09csDL4E7bfe+Js5CZmFqXkX3CnJZleq0ZqoMboVWotMZ5TpjDK9XqzW8RU6vswklJqFIotQZBQItBy+gi0U0lKGrWDTcoYt59JKPqXkUXIeJRExIpVIaFEJ7CrapkAuDXZpab2YUHKwjM0S07SAYmQUJ1FCN5qJYDqaLEMzDXi+Fc93wHwHmmlB4VoIVcJYLTHXwQm3svqrUF8t+NrA34kGGqnqdJwgByOXbeTxTBw6WUt2FPH6S+jmRKrCxL+g5sXLmRgR18rl6NmkkQIbDTE0SuKxUqVMvIRt55J2Coot0sdHK9/91lei0ejT18bz2k/2L35ye/k8L+5Oo+fVqH/9zKebyqsuuJNTLTFxanO8xhyvsTiVBrNMp5PotGKVWiBTcsUqnlgrFOtFYr1YbJBItEKxkieX8pQCnprHUQkYpYhWiymNhFJLaKWSo9DzZQ6ZJFbJc8pYRjHWi1haHlvFZivZjITNFtJsBZtKVlCNTpY/i5isw7MdaKEHFnvRUh+x1EvOdeCJBghVwngTmumjg620px4PtWB/BwQ6if56VmEMdvAJA4+j5bLtAqI2lTtcK+gv4JXb6BwDN0XHi5PyHQJGx5AqFjayCCsLW0lkZxNOIeMSMXYuYcGQIecdLQS+/vV/P9PM6au19cvH8+pW0FfsTqNP/v1fP/2B9/xuZ21VvM7oVursUo1NrrPJtBap2iDWaEQqjUih4ksUPJFKIFEJxSqRWCWWqCVStUShFCnlQrVUqBPzdBKeTsYY5GyDmm0wMAY7VxfDVyRKhGkqToKCNPCRnI1lbLaMYivZtIKhZAyl5pDxEqLGQvhzWVPN5GwfzHtg0YNWBvHqEFr14oUemG6HqQ6Y68OzfezRNnq4ifC3o1A3BLpxezF5QQsuIWmTUHYhUeRkD1RwvVVMXRq70MnLtogTlQKnmKPjsJQUpWWRRhZpZhEmFjYxpI3PtnFpE0WYARIE5N7s4Le/9sXoD3WC/6Ro+xeO5/Q0+uq1j6cvfP9D73vXYrC/tSQrP9YWo1TYpHKDUKoTyfRCqV4g0QpkGpFSK1VoRBK1QKwWypQimVwolQllCpFcIVIoRAqlSKMQ6mVCk0xgUQisOp7ZybOkC+xFIkuZUFUq5ZVoqVwdESPGShoLKVpAs6VsSs2htBzKwCFjeKhEDd4sYqqVnPegRS8sD8GqD9b8sD6MVofQ0gBa9KCFPljow7PdZLiVCLTiQDv4O5G3GTdnQrERCm1Utp3MskFrITnQwGosZBXEUjkWSZJK7JTwDHxGTVMaFmmgSBNFGChsoLCZQ5m5lJ7GegqbEaSJqHtbcy/81zdPoy8WFKJPo9Env2Q8L8eLT6M/jOebX/3yu59/PNtdW5VgzDGIU9XiWJnEJBSpeTwlj6fm8bU8gVYo0YhkGrFEIxKrBVKlQC4TyMR8qZgnk/LlEq5MwpMr+BqFQCcVmOQCk15kiBEbLsrMTUrbgNLkU8g8aqbHxmp2kPlalk1AShm2kM1IGbaGYQwMbeGwEoWsYhXuSUVjTXiuHy17YXUYVodhzQ8bAYgE0IYfrQ2hVQ8s98FSH1roIUdbkb8ZDzVjXysEGwhPLtGZSbQWUTX5uLUMeVqI1mqyIAGla5lEpdghEZgEXB3D1rAIA4XNNDaxkImFzDRhYgg9TehowkKTDgxlZvmfveM3znzQi4uuT35cMvTLDKxPv/+5f/rY4+PV8eaLTcmqYjOnyMDPVArdQp6ey1VyOAouV8Xl6vgCvViuFSvUIqlKKFbwpWKehM+RcDkSHiMRcqRCRiZiFBKuSsrVynh6rVAbJ1cWGxUdDqnfJZlxCxdimNkEYjIDBzJxWyzOUhFmLkvNodUcSsNQOjbLyiGTRVSFgexNRyMNMNuHV7x4bRjW/LAWgI0A2gqhrRDaDMCGF9b7YLUX1jx4rgeNtMBQHRqsQ6FmMlBH9JZAXw3qbcZ9LUR/G+poxlXZrAt6OlbGsUv4ZqHAwOVqKZaeIsxs0kIRZhJbWGCikJE+Y0a6GCqeBaO1Rd/5+peiL3fm/9hM6OfC84op88n//cJnPvxn7/2rD7z785/552989cv/9PG/ef7+5c1QR6g8sS1RWuWgq2xMiYGbKeO6eIyBYZQMo+BxtXyBUSQxSdUGqVYpkMv4UjFPymckHEbMsCUcRsLnSAWMTMhRSjkaGUerEmgdcmWhRdqfIZ4s4S6W0ZFy1nYl3qxGKzUwVQ7D2VDngEw5TpRRLglp4CEDh7BxiQQhUaLHfVkw2gTTPbA8gNaGYSOINwJ4ww9bQbQTQjsB2PahDQ+s9cB6P6wPEAs95GgzGqqGoRrsayG8TXigAQbbwduJBjtxbwduLaOL3dwkJccp5ZtFAj2Xq2PTOoo00ISJIiwUYWORNpq0MISRxiYWdrBJJwmZSuEHfvet0ZexvOabNa8TzysGON8/PW+KOP2bD73rYLE93Bofqotd99ffXA9tj7T5ixO7E1RNdm6Dg2l0chotnHI1O1vKTuSxbRxGy+Vq+AKdSGKUKgwSjVaklvMVIr6Cz5PzOHIOLeXQUh5HIeCoRByFmKNQMDoFV6sTK1J04pY07kQdvdpFbPWgg3505EH7HhTpRUutaKoUPKnQ6IAqGy4w4iQpcgmQS4DjBDhbDq1JKFyPZ3vQkgfWfLDhxxt+FPHDdhDthtBeEHYCaGsYIl600Q+rXWi9h1zuIsaakK8GhhrQUDMx2AyDLeBrQ8MdxGAH6qklq1PpCzpOrJRvFfNNAsbAoXU068z9WGjCSrGsFGmhCCMLmSjCyiYdbOSmYGmw+7++8+3oi/7g5f3PhucVfJ++YjuNRqP/+HcfioTLvEXc3iyiO53bly715Rh6U9SNVl6tjqoz0k1Wfptd0Gbh1+o4BTL6gpBJ4HNsAp5ZJDFJFAaJSidSq4VqmVArEenEIp2Aq+ayFTxGweeqRFy1lKeRczRKRqvmaiwSSb6N6y2g5juIdS/a8aPDEJyMwvEo2h/BW4NotQkmCsCfgftTUVsiVLmgwAzpWpQsRVlSaInD43WsxR68OoBWfWjVB2vDEAmi7RG0OwK7I7Afgr0g7PnRziBe64aVDtjowUtdeKIZ+RtgsAEGGlF/PfTWwkATeNvB00g05lK5ZjpexrOL+RYRY+LTeoZloEkjjU0UMlOEhUVYWYSFha00YWcT8TwimQtVSZq/+dAfnz/k52+JvYbaXx+eF6ezlwf750/85e50izdf7EmGgRTcn0r3JtBddrrFyNTqmFINu0zLrTOI2kyCTjO/ycgpV1LFUk62mJ8gFjokMqtUaZRotEKtSqCXCY0SkUksMAi5Gj5XzeeqBRyVmKtW8vRanl7D0xn5mkSFuD6eHq2C5V7Y8MFuGB9MwtE0HM/A0TTsjsJ6P8zWwXgxHi1EoVLwV8BAKWq7iKqToTYW+rPRTDO50ovWPLA2hNZ9aN2PIkG8NYJ2QrATgr0Q7AdhP4gO/MTeIN7ug+1e2OyF1W481YYCjeBtwH01RGcZ6qlBnmYYaMbd5aziGDJRznaKBRYR1yLkGHlsHUPqKWygkJHCZhZhpQgHm3QypJtGKQLyopYutOGrG6MvfP+7P7kE9zrwnIWCLxnh6dMXPvbnf7g73urJU3TH0V0uujuW6kumehKYbju33SSs1gsKNJwiFa9OJ243CTvM/BYzt07HqVJyC2X8FJnIKZFZJCq9WKMW6pQCk0xokQgtIp5RxDUIuToBVyPkqmU8rYanN4mMJpHOJVbl68R9F+jpBljuhXUf7ITxwQw+WkDHC+hoDnYmYMWHplrQSDkar4LZFljowXN9eLIHRtpQsB4mm2GxFy33w0ofrA/A5hDa8uPtANoOwG4Q9kKwG4C9AOwH0IEfHwwTh0P4cADt98O2B630osl28DfigVpWZwnZXszqr2d5m9FAA9GQRaRrWG4x1yrimYVcI5fRMbSOJvUsbKCxmSJsFHbQyEGDkw1JQjJXyy6xEL7axE/9/V+dKff055zcfiSBOv3wB39/vu9izwVxdwLd5mbXWek6G9mVQPcl8Xpc/A6LsMEsrDLxanScNrO42y7tcUg6bKJWk7BeyS+WCVJkIqdUbhIp1QK1QmBQCq0KiVMudsqEdgnfKuIZBDytmK+V87RagdYs0tmE6hSprMrC8+UTsy2w0gNrXtgKwcEMOlnAlxbxyTzem8Irw3iiGYXKYKoOVrsh4kObQbQahOUArEjpDtEAACAASURBVPhgzYdWh/HKIF7tQxEPbA/Bjh/tBmAnCLtB2AvCrh/2AmjPj3aHYG8IHfjwwQA6HICDIdgexKsePNWOA/VkbzHZlEt0lVGDTazBZuiupIrj6HgZZRdxzALGwKV1DK2jWHoWYeFQNg5pp5CbjZxs7GRwDAfHcCFJBOXxgjfd246enrVhPT390ffOfzY80ejppz72oYX+ss4kTmc83eZmV1lYxUai3Ep2JPK9qYJeN7/dKmixCpssgnarsN8l88QqBtyKPoeiyyRvUUqKpYJEqcAqkWmFCoVAoxCa1GKHRhajVcRp5LEKiUsqtIgEBolAq+Bp9AKNSaRxCtQ5MmGziwyWw0InrHtgYxh2wnA4CyeL6GQRnSyggxm8EUBTbRCugcUOtDOM90fR0QQ6mEDbE7A9BtujaHMUbwaJHT/eHYYdP2wHYCcEZ45nNwQ7AbQXQntBtD0EO0Ow74dDHxwNwbEfHQbQjg+t9eOpFuyvQd0l0F5IeGoZTyPuayBbCpgMA3aJaJuQbeRSWobU0aSBIq1slosh4jlEIkPG0ISLYTkZ0s7GNjZOUxMTvYVf+cJnotEzPD9XaPCyy/n2V//9+kqgI0Xe7qA6Y3mNMfxSC11sospt7OYYXm88r8ctbLeJWiziNpuk2ynrdck8MXKvWzXgUHstuh69rkwhTZQILSK5RqhUCnUqsUUtdujlsQZlvE4Wp5bEKCQOqcgkExrUfJ1epDWLNTECVZGS25uKpprQaj/e9qPdMbw/iY5m4XgBThbheAEOZmFzFC0OwHwvbPjQ/jg6mYErc3B1Do5n4XAKDiZgbxx2w7AfRvujaC8E20HYDMJWCLZHYCcIOwHYC8H+WYwQgP0AHAbQkR8dBeAoAPsB2B7CS50w3QpT7SxfNdVTTvXXUv31rI4yVnEsGS+lYiW0S0qbeYSeJow0YaVxApdIF9HJHDKOImIZOpahXTRhoQgXnyyKU/7x7781Go2e/phK6evLe84G+Lu/+kC44UKTnddoZdfb6FoHp9LKVFrYVWZ2vZXT4RR0OUSdNnGHQ9pml7RYhB02UZ9LOuBSDTr0AZt10GKrV+uypAq3RG0U61RCo0pk1QitOrFDK3GqRQ6V0K2SuFRSq1pk1ggMWqHGLFEmSWTVViZQgBY60LoXbYfQ3jg6mICDKXQ8iy7Nw8k8HM+g/XG0MwK7I3A4Dpdm4NoC3FiC64vo2gJcmYNLM3A8BUeTcDiJDsbhYBR2grAZgO0Q2jnD40f7IXQ0ig5H4SAEByE4GIXDIBwG4SgIh0F0EMA7gzjSDxEPsdLHHm1ieSpxbzmrq5yqTicyNChDTeVZmRQdtvIJM5twMyhdQGYIWckMSqBQGp/OlXCzhVSqkHILOG4Zd3F08Aff+/7pK1rSfyY8r4j8/uQPfsdTGNtk4daZ2NUGqtrErjZzqo1MnZHTaOK1WgRtFlGbTdpsl1Ub+dUGbotd1BenGIjXDcaYAg6b3+rs0FnLlMZUhdEqNmiEBpXApBWYtXyTVmBWC2wqoUsnjdHLXRqxXSMw6QQap1SWpea3J1NjlWixC60OoogfbQdhNwT7o+h4Al2aQScz6HgSjsfRpQl0eQpdnUM3FuHmCtxehVur6OYy3FxCNxbR1Vm4MgOXZ+DSFDoeg4MR2A3B7si5Me0EYH8EH4XR0SgcjcDBKByMwuEIHIXgMAgHATgM4oMAsedD24OwNUys+6ipbtJbg3rKcEseKo2BfAsqjicLElCiBuxsiKNwGk0mUziFgWwxFKpYF2XkRQldppEV62QZcqY2I+HvP/aRaDQafa0m09eL5zQajX7ofe/0liQ2W4UNJm6DmVdvFtSb+PUGXrOB32oQNBn4jXpBk1lSb5aU6ZgKI9PsFnlSVf4Msz/JOhLrGIuJ99ni2g3uCrUrU2p3C612gc0hsNp4JivfYhE4LZI4myLBqogxSF16qdUi0yWpFOUOjjefmKqHhXa03IvX+vB6F1rtgI0e2B/CxyP4ZAwdjcJxCC6Pw405dHMJbq3C7TW4vQ631+DOKtxZgdtL6OYC3JiD67NwdQauTMLJOByEYT+MDsJoP4i2/bA3AodhdBiGkzF0PIZeQnUYgv0AHATRQQAd+PF+AHYCsBVEkSCxOECONqHBCugpRK35uKkQmkuhMgPnWnCOFucoUaYc5RtxiR0X29BFHaRLIFNElxlEF/W8HL3k9tH2j3vF4XXhOR/iI3/2R97SpHqLsMkkbDCJGkyiZpOk1SxpN4radcJ2o7jVKGmzypod0nobv97Ba48TDKbJQ1nGUJolnOyeSkkai0/12ZL79KlN6pRyWXKpJKlElFAkjLsojMuSJqUqUhMUiU652yhz6hVmp1qXZVY0pjGhSjzbhOab0HwzWmxEsxVoohjmqiDSBvsedOSHQz8c+uHKONxaRHdX0Z11uL0Od9fR3XW4twb31uDeMtxdhDsLcHMOrs/BjVm4OgXH43AwBgdh2A/BXgjtjcDeCByE4WgMjsfR8Rgcj8LR6Lk3OndIQXQYRPsh2AnCZggiAbQ+hOe70HgTGmsmwp14tAtCHSx/C9vfTHtrqd4KqquCbCuh2kqotkJWaRxOkkCylMjScbLl7OG6wi99/rOvqfXXlfec4/nff/GB/pLEGpOw3iSq1QtqdYIWs7TLruw0SzsMoh6LrM+u7I9Ve5K1fcny3iTxQLLYlyoNpmsDKYbRFOd0WspUYkbYnhE05wSMBSO6kjF1yYSiaFSWPyDLqVdl5asykuVxdrFNIzZo5aoYrTTPze8spGbayaUuYqENLbXAUgOaqYCZcrRYjTaaYa8PjobhOASXwnB9Gt9ZxvfW8f0NfH8DPYigBxG4vw4PN+DhGjxYgXuLcGsRbi7AzTl0fQZdmoTDMdgfgb0g7I++Cg+cjMNRGI5GX5EV+eEwgI6C+DCE90eJvVG8fRZiDKHVbmKxBS81o/UOWOuF+QE070OzXjw5QAZ7ka+d5e+gh5rJhgs4RY7ixFS6glOo4NTYxe95852fC89LFhSNRv/qg+/rKYiv1gtqjMJqHb/WIGpzKHtitB1WaYdJ0mdX9bs03gSdP8M4fEHrz5ANp4oGU8S+FNVQoi6Y4pzNSF9MyZ115k1bi5YtNQeW1hvmzpvGtn11zZS8qEWelStPipc6zEK9QqjUycUpZm5VDsvfQiwO4dVhvOqDzSG07UWbHtjqxzt9eN+LTkLo8gS6Mg3XZuHmArqzgu+to4cR9CgCjyLoUQQ93ECP1tGjdfxgHd9fQXeW4dYi3JyHG7NweRodTaCDUdgPwm4IdkOwNwoH43A0jo4n4NI4HIfhaBT2R2AvAHt+2BuGg2F0GECHITgMo/0w2h2BnSBsD6OdfthvRvulcFQCxw1ozwObAVgYgOl+POGFcB8x0snqK8clDkgUoRQ5P0PGzZaSlXrYGCr55lc/9zPjOSsLnZcf/uL97+7MdVeoeZU6QbVe0GiRdsVou2K0bVZZm1nSY1X1WNUet2YgUTOQJPMmibyJgt4EUW+CzBOnDcQ7F5KzIgnFG47SDUv1gbnltrnnsan/vrlrV1sfkhZUiJJSJS63xGIQqBRCiVnFK0jk9DSwJgeJ5RFYH4OtKdibgsNJdDQJxxPoZAJdmUTX5tD1RXR9Ea4vwvUluLEMd9bgYQQeb8LjTfQogh5H0OMIehRBjyL44Qa+twp3luD2AtyaQ9dm0NEk2h+FvRHYC8FuCPbDcDgBRxNwhudk7Ifw7A/DwTAc+OEwBIejsDcCOyHYCeAdH7HXh45b4CQPriSjK7nElQ7iIIhXfHjWg2Z8MObBw624MQeydShVRV9QCzPEdLoI1ccQvhr5n3/gTT8znqfR6JOn0adnee0fv+NNbZnWSq2gSi9qMIvbnfLOGHWHW9duV7ZbZN1Wlcei7reoeu2Kfqeszyntdok6XeIOt7THqQ04Y1dcFw+c1SeWusumlhvGrvuG3ruGziNDw4y6tF2SkS12x4mtDrHJJJRpxVyXnlWRx/J149kAsTYG29NwMIeO5/GlOXRl/ny7voRuLKNbq3BrFW6uwo0VuLEMt9fgQQQeb8KZAT3eRM9tweNteLwNj7bgYQQ9WEb3FtGdBXxzHl2ZhuOJ8yjgMIwOx+FoAo4m4GQcLp3Nb6OwH4T9ANoPwH4ADvzo0I+OQnA0Agch2A3AzjDaGUS7HtjvwicV+FoGup6DrrUSu0No3YcWB2F+iBjrJQcaUVkSxMshxywsswoK5USpimxKxAMV7OduTjw9feFVJbif3vecp7Xf+fp/XFsOtMYpag38epO41SbtiVH2xGk7Y3QdTk2HXdFnVw3b9QGHIeA0Bx3mIZuhx6LqMCvazco+i3nMkb7lqrzmar1ta7tv7bhv6bxrbr9sqlvS5w8oU2pkMXlKR6Lc4hRrbVKJVckkO3BTBR7xoPkg2hiD3Wk4nEUnc+jKPFxdRFcX4doSurGCbq2i22twtt1ZR3c30P1N/HATPdqEhxvwaAMeb6LntuG5F/E82kQP19H9Fbi7hG4toptzcG0GXZ5EJ+PoZBwdjZ+bzvE4nIzBpTAcjcD+WS3uPAGCg8C59eyPwE4ANn2wMQDrfbDbi660k9eq8LVqdNKDdoZgM4BXfDA/SIz1Up46It8JbgEucSgaY3ktLmhxkU0xrJYk1snSwAtPvv+q+O11VQ2iT37w3fc+fzNU7upw8VqsvBaLsNMu6YtV9sap2xzKFquyw6b2OnVjTtuMK3bBnbLoTJ20JQybXf0ma5/Z7rMlzrtLjuJa77h7Htp63mjreWzrvmlt2rIUjBniO3TmWpO50uHINZvjZIoYOT9OR+UloZ4GFB5ESyNocxx2J2B/Ck7m4MoiXF6Ey0twdRlurKLb6+jOOrq7hu5twMNN/HALP9xCj7bQoy14tAmPNs/t5vE5IfTcFnoYgfvr6P4quruMbi/CzXl0bQYuT8GlSbg0AZcm4HgcjsNwPAbHYTgcgf0g7IfgYASORs6NZj8EZ3HETghtBWDNC4udsNENx/3oUjc66oH9QbTrR5EAXvahWS8x1kf11bAyjZCiENYlGVpSKV8B1RpHFOvIErPoXW+4/aOLcj+t7zmNRk+fPvnz975hqTdx8AK3L47ptHPabYJuh7jfLet1ydqt0jaTosus89tss87EZXv6qjlzzZy1aM4YNycFbUlBV1rQlTPvrtpzt95wdD2w9T62996zdx5bq5bMqSGrqcep7kw0dmfHNqS7MnXyZAU3zUCWpyJvE4wNwdIosTmGt8dgbxIuzcPVJbi6jK4so2srcGv1RYvZQA8i8DKYs20bPd5Gj7dfcWQTHm2hB5vwYAM92MD31+DuCtxZghvzcHUGrszAlWm4PIkuTeCjUTgchcMxOAjD3ijshWEvDPth2B9F+yNob+S8WLcTQlsBtD5ELHXh9R7YG4AdL2x5YccHW8NodQgWvHjKg8c9VG8NnaiBPLOi76JpoJjxFTGVRshTc/amw9/5xtfPDeFnwBONnv7LP3z0YLJivIIzfIHsjiHbzVSHjdfrEPXaRb12Ub9DNmjX++32SVfKiitnzZa3Yshd1eUs6jOmTGlhR0bQlTVkzx2xly3aGnatbZctbTdsbZcdDRFb/rTFFXCqBhIUg7nmYHV6X2lqnkWVpuBk6lhVSYS3DoUH8HyAWA+hnTAcTsGVBXRtCV1bRteX0Y0VuLkKd9bh7ga6v44ebKCHm/BwEx5swsNNeLSFHm+9hAc92oKHm/AwAvcjcG8T7kfQwwh+GIH763B/Fe4sv0hoGi5Pwsk4PhyFg1E4GIP9Mdgbg90w7IzC9ijshtHei0tE53j8KDKE1wfIzUG848ObPogMo+1hIjKIlgdh1osn+omJAV5vjTBZR1TGqr35ssEiVlcqq0xHDpZlff7Tn3xNvf+0k9v3v/vtt93Zma2zjV2kB1NQixnqNKjVwu51ifpswgG7cCReN5vsWk5Nj2QU76dWbbrLVy2la6biFfPFGWt22H5h0JrRbckasJeOWmvnTQ2rhrotU/2WvXbemhs02vutys4YZV+O01+f11uRnWPSJIuZNBWrLI7oLUfBDjzdh9eGYG8ELk3ha3P42jy6tgA3FuHm8nl14M463FvH9zfQ/U10/yU8m+jxJnq8BWd4Hm6hh1vo/ia6twl3N+DeBnoYwWc4H26ie2twexmuz8HVGbg8Bcfj6HDsPGM9CMN+GHZHYTsE20G0O4J2zwK2EOyE0G4Q7fphexgiPhQZxpEA3hiGyDDaHMLrQ3jZB7NeNDFAT3rl3dXaJB1dnaBvSRI0xpB1blFHXtz73/n8z9sK8rUvff5kvCecpxvLEQ4kkPVaqFBAo5Hudor6HKJBh2QywbiennxysfRmZdud0u5reZ2HqS17CfVbcVVLccWTMbmD9gud5pxeW9mwrW7EVDuhr5431C2ZaycN+f0qd71SW67X1SfFe2srPNWVmTq9i8fEy8kiF+7KR0M1MNYE633oKARXJ/C1KXxtCl2bhusLcGMF3VpDt9bg1hqce6ANeLAJD7fg4eZZ0gOPInDOIHIGD92LwN0NuBeBB5vo0SY82oKHW+juBrqzCreX4MYcXJlGJ5NwNIGOxtHRGByF4TB8tuiAdgJoJ4S2R9HWKGyHYCeIdvyw44OdYYj4Yd2P1v1obRg2htGGD9aGYHkIZr1ofICZHNK3VpiTTMKW7Lgat6JQx6lJMI55mv/lX/7Pj1P7T4vnHz764cnaotEsw0SBzJdCtVtQtQbq9FSbXdjlFPXZxSNuw0ZK2u3S+jc0eX6zefgN9cP3KjzX8loPMmvX0spmky6G3HmD9qJBW5Xf2hAwN4QM9ZO6unl9zYSqoFuSUCa25kgt5c70wZrWgcqmC2qrgyuIlVHFVtydhgfy0EgprLWhk2F0fRRdC+PLI+hyGK7MwLUVuL4GN9fQrTV0axVurcDdVXiwDg8i6F4E3VtH99fg/ircW4P7a3BvDd1ZR3c24E4E3Y2ge5vwYAsebcHjTfRwG+5tobsb+M4K3FqAqzNwaRpOptDxBD4eg+NxOBqDvVG0E8RbfrQZQJshtBmCrSBs+SEyBFuDsOOHrSBsBiESgA0/rAVgzQ8rQ7A4AFNeMjzImRgy15YYCtPMQ5XZ+XpehpSocil8DUXv/r23/7x4/vpPP+gtyw5e1E1XSMYKaV8G0eFGjRai1cppsfJbzaI+m2YqLuFyQfUbmgbe0hZ4U7v/jW1Ddyraj7JrN9IrlpJLJtyFIXvJiL16zNIwYWqa0jcuahvWNA0zipIeUVopPy5fnNTgLh9p8AYreyo0SZkcZZaEV20kuuPBkw7BfFhtRsde4sowOh6CPQ/sD6KTMXRl/qXYGm6uwI0luLUEd1fgzhq+s45vraBbi+jmPD7bbizg64voLCu6uw53I3B/Ez2M4Meb+PEWfryFH2yg+6twexGuz6HL0+jSNJxMopNxdDwOh2OwO4K2Aijihw0/RIIQCUIkABEfbHhhaxDt+NFOCG2F0EYANvxoIwhrfljxwYIXprzkxCB3atBUX6BuyHH05SWkiXGGBJca+B25cXtrc986jwt+Vjxf/4//uLoxF6yJnWpQzjYJJqsofz7qSSbanawmM6faKKwzKT02+2pq/s3S1jc09P9W9/BbPUOPGtpPsqt20yojyZUL7pIZe/m8rXbB1LCib97Utx3pOo51bRuqGr8or4mf2Sgt8sV2RxqntuvGAuaSDqG7SarsNNH9sTCYikYLYaOdPBgg9z1ouxvW22CzB+0P46MxuDyLrp6VDJbh2iK6vohvLOHrS+j6Mr4+j65Mwck4Og7jozA6moDLM3B1Ad1YhtsrcHsd7kTw/Q30aBM9t4me20SPI/BwHe6twK0FfG2avDyDrsygSxP4cAz2RmArABvDsD4M6wHYCMJGANZ9sO6FjQHYHIStYdgKQCQAGwHYCKKNILE6DKvDaGkIZgaIKS9/xmtpzlPmmXn5OlGSAGWI8UUVVZ+gG+mq/8hffujnwhONRr/0r5+5sTMRboudaJVPNjGjFdibi7sTiCYrU2USVBjkrSZj2JW0l1n2qKr9t3u8bx8cfEt7192i+isXag9SarbiKjdc1Tv2xj1Ty4mh84ah74Gh/76+54qmaUFaEhRfHFXVbsb7HtQtPq6eO7I1rciywkqrz8rzxiNfBpooh9UuFOlHG91opQkW62C9HW31ws4gHI7DyRxcXkBXF9Glebg8hy7Pn32AS5NwFII9H2wNwuYgbA7D/jgcTaPLc+jaElxbQdfX0J0NeBA5T48ebeGHW/h+BO4soevTxOVpfHkGnS06bAdhzQfLXlgZPOv+Ras+WPXASg+s9+ENL9ocRht+2PCf81vzo9VhWPHB8hDMDhDTXtHUgKOjwJCt5cRxiRgeThbhCzJcahF2Faf9xr3rT5++8LPjeXp6Go1Gv/KFz13bHhmuMw+VcYeKqIF8pjeFaXVy6yyCGqOk2ajxWmzLcRl3C2ve1t7zTo/3d7r63lTZeje3/mpa7WF89aGr7oqt5Za554HR85ze+2a99826vvvqlgNF+Yq8KKKtu504/LayhbcVTj02d9xSFO+o4yYt4qE4PJQFkzVosQctdMN0PYxehMlCvFxHrjfjzS7YD6KjGXQyjy/P45N5OJ6B4xk4moXjSTgM4t1+FOmE1Q682IGW+yESgK0w7E3C8Ry6tEhcWUE3z2c5/HCHeeMl5Zuvah/ssm8tw41puDoFl6fgZBwORmErAMsDaK4XFgdgeQiWh2BlAK10o6V2WOqA1X6IDKNIAEcCeH34HMwZm6VBmB8gpj2SiX5XZ76+yCiM41NOHhErwMkSnK2m6lJMy+HBL33h335mPKdPT5+cxX4f/tB7ugpdlVZWrZtuSeZ3JkvaY8QtFkGLUdhpUnishtnY+Bt5pW9r6n5n3+A7ugbeUtP+oKDuekblpbiKS/baG6aW+/qeN2o9v6kZeF7reV7T/Zym8aqqPCK7uKWuvBs38Pbi2d+9OPVWU/dvyKpuqtLWTYqQmxzMgrFaNN2JJ1uJoTzU4wZfPDGZQ84XorU62Pfio0l0MgtX5vGlOeJ4Ch1Owv4UHIyiHQ+5Wo+nC2HsIhqvIGZaYXEAVoOwMQZbU2hvBl1agJtrcHeTfLQvecsN1zvfUPD7v1n6xqvGW2vo1hxcn0JXpuDyBByEUcSPF/rRdBfM96FFL17wwEIPLLajpTa02AZrvbA+BBvDOBIg1v1ozY9Wh9GyD5Z9eHEIzQ8QM/3SKY+rN09dYeQm8Fl2LukS4FgxmSYjy53yvpqCP3zP7/3MeJ6enr5whuf97/6dYpcuiU+kyZhCI7/OJW1zS9ptgi6LsN8u97l1i0mxty+W/nZj99s7vW9r7XtLbdv9gspr6UWXYouvWKtv6VofqrvfpOx/q3rgrZr+t6g7n1M1XFWUrIqyl2SFl2K6ny+bfFfJ7G9bPb8lr38kzzrQ6set9EAKGi6FsQYcrCQ6E1GDGtp1eMAGwViYz0c7HeggCMeTcGkKnUwTRzP4YBr2J2EvhFbbcTgP9cfiLjcxkEOH66mZXmLRBysjsDoBW9Nwskje2eY+PlK9+XrsO95Q+Ae/3fzHv9v8/B3XnQ18ZwFuTMPVSbg8AYdhFBkmZnvQeBvM9aJFD57rgdlW+H+svVd4Y9l157v2QSACQeScAwESzDnnnAPABBIkCIAIDCByIphZJIs5VGClzjlWd1fnrs6tllqyJVka3/nu5xlbuuMwknzHljUjW1IX70N1S/7GmqtWwMP58HJe9u+sfdbZ67/+K2JAC4O4+BBaHIdlOyzaYdEOSw606EQJB1pworgTi9khbMGHLLzwhG6ilNEtI+Qlg4aK16bgdXR8LgtfI6MZqvJ21pd//vOf/4HRc78S/vmvfnG8msjj0hVkgiKZksmm1snpfTrmkJY+msq06rhzWZLV4swHmptfMppvD1mf7jU90dpzo7L2JK/iKK32sqLrlnjoUcHo0zzLC0Lb88LJpwXmR3j9lznNK/SyALdqI3fo0e752+2BpzXjT3O7H+NUHfA1XhF1TINGi2GqHlmrsb40VM+CJgYy8JBZCnPZaKkNvzmGuziFdl3YngfbD8PFMGz7sA03hPqQtZg4lJ5iSGeNlnHdPezAOG3BSVrzkTdj5L3F5MsXmA8eiB+/lPrUWc4zD5Q990jFiw/mPrzHOltEZ3G4HERf4PHAuguLmjH/EAqaIGKG8DCE+tDCAH5hEIsNQtwMCSssWCFhRwkHijtRzAExJ0SdKO5AEQspaBEHRzTmXPJoWkoVj6hNxjQ0vDYFn8nAFYmSO4qzInPuf/qnf/rD8HwhVPi3n//PmMuew6anM2hpTEYag1TIJ7WqUwypjCEF3axkO9NEi4UZ1xvqX+gffmVw8nbPyFN1LQ8UVp6l1VxTNT8g639cNPosf+JF7uQdvv01nvVl3sRzvOGHOF077PqYuHG7YvxRU/CZLu8jyuGnOJ2Pcar2uakzXOqAEBnSwFwM5hLUl4nqRaiKgZrZmEGELBqYK0DhWizRhq0b8ds2tDMHW15sYxZbsUPQgLOUEfvSaF1atrGAbW9j+M0pienkzXDK3hLjZJVxfZP+0C7z0X3mI/v0Rw7Yjx7xH7pIu76MXVuAszi6FMYOfLDvhd152JyGZStER1FoFAuPQXgERQZx8WFcfBjFRiA+juKTsGCFRQdKONGCE0WnIGKDiB2LTeHCk6SATeId1Bn11D5NSp2UmscmpqXgtXRCBodcqhH1N9W88PRTn3/+v6tBvjqee+fn57/4158vzLnzBdwKubRWoykVcQu4lEoJtV2e0iWh9YhpQyrOXJZ6p6L40Y6ulw3m19tMzxe3PJZe/Yii5TFJ79Mi0wv8iTtc6xtc29s8x3s8x3tc2xvc8ec5gzeFvbup/aet7kdskUd6Zx/UuX6XeAAAIABJREFUGJ9ktzzKrNhla92c5D4O6pKj4SzcaAFmyMFaFbgKJlbBwDVzsX4BmGVg18JsDiw04i6MoS3H/Q8UbNECIQOarEDtcqyRj+/U4O31+PAofsWN3wwSduKEw0X85WX8zXX8QxdwD27Cw9vwyBb24Cpcj8K1CLoaxZ2E0X4A9nxo14O2XGjVimJjEB6FkBnCYxAZwyImiJggakbxSbRgg+UpWHaiRSckHChqg9AECluxiA0XtpIDdnlgLMuYzc6ngT4Z8gXULH6KXsAo1skHO5pvnZ39y09/+h9X/ffSGpzf+9XnJ1sbhXJZhVxeq1KX8nnZTGouO6lSQG0SpTTwqc0imjlNFC3OuNxY92zLwOsVpjv6vheUnc+J+1/gD7/En3iVb3+Ta7/LnXqX4/iA6/iYM/UB1/aWcPIF+cSjBVOPDUee9i4/POy5oul6hFP/MLNkh611c+i9HKxDhg3p8WN52HAO9GiwOh4qZ0INAzq5MCoHuw5m82GhFTYsaMsNW7No04mWxyFqgNkWMBWCMR1G88HbCctWuDALF/2wG4bDGFxOwPVVdGsDPfAFHri1BFeCcMmLTgPYcRD2ArDnw/bnCRfd+DUriprAP0QImUiRcXzUgmIWiFkgbkMJB1p2olUXWnWhJSckHChmw4JmCIxDaAKFxmmBSWVkIsdeJ89j4hVUQp5SXFeUOz7Qd7h14esff/hv//rbR3F8ZTxfev197b1328vLsvn8bB4nlZGsSqFoaEl5LEoNn1bPpjZyqMZUrq9Ee1Bb8Vhl16uZI2/KTa+JR14Vjr3Gt7zOs73Fn7rLm3qPa3+fPfUBe+oTlv1jnvN9settjftOte8l+9rz0Y0bpukddeMVTvkNduE2R+fkMvuE+F4NZspBliKwlIK5EA1mo24dtMnAoISpbJyvCou2wOIAbNhhexYueuCiC61PoOVhtGhCkREIDeDDw7glC2zOwLYX2/GjgwAcR9CVBLq+im5swK1NeGAbbq3DlRgczMKeEw5nsSMfOvDDnh/t+3E7c2jDCbExnK+f6Tdyw2Ok2CSK2yBuh4QTltxoxYWtutCKCy27YNGJ4jYsPI58JvAOI7+JHpzUhsxZY+WCHE6STixuaWi4cnr6g7/+689/+f83deOr47k/W+re57/8xZMP3CrVavkEHJdCEFOpSio1k0Et4yXXc2mtbNqgkuMtUO/XlD5e0vWa1vSOyPK20HpXZL8rmLrLd77Ln3qfa/+QY/+Ibf+EPfV1tuMTgftD2dyH6b53m2Kvujeeja4fD1njyrILrNxDds4qN3WKz+qXEgeycJMVyN0Ang7k68X8BmyuC5usQhOFaLYaS/RgKya0Nom2p2HHAzvz6KIb25hEa+PYhg1tTaOLHtyOF7vohT0fOghih0E4DMGlGDpbQjdX4YENeGgTPXQB3VhGl4PYzhRsmGHHhY686CgABwHYD6AdH9qcg4VJzG9g+vuFYRMtNonFbLAwhRZdsOyGFRdadaEVN1p2w6IDopMQMmM+E5o2wNxQSnhK7x3Jqpbh01jksqLCUDjyk5/85Nc70/+pwef3ip4v7v+7H/zXkdYmDh44SXgxmaKi0VQp5Ew2pYLPaOExh2Vcb7bisKL4qcLON9Rj74rt74in3hM63he43uM7P+A5P+JOfcyZ+oTj+JTj+AbP+Yl45iOl7+Oc6Pudq69Obz0VXts2jLslOX66doWhi7DkkzzGoIJoysdcDRDqg8Q4bnkKt+xCC1Zsvg83VYNmamChD61Z0JYb2/eg/Xm060GbTrQ8BolhWJ9Ee7PYUQC7L7Y+CcPlCFyJwZUEXFuGm6v3y0Lw8Ab24Bp2PYEuBXDbNmxpGLbs6NCDHfnhMAD7QWw/hHYCsOaC2EhSaDAlMkqJWXCxSUhMwbILVqfvH/OgFTdackHMAaFJCJiR14S5DWh2mBFxZs0NZlcrqTkKQV9vzxtvvvHv2Pwp8Pz6/z/88P+eGe6SUjEJhaBIpkgoJD6FIKOTc3iMGiHbKOd6s6RHFYVPFXS8php7RzL1tmzqPbHzQ5HzQ77zI677Y67rY57rE77764KZr4mnP5J7PtYEP8qPv9O5dmd656nwhU2jZVSkNyVLnXSZiyEc4dANcuJYEfJ1oZUxbN2FW/dg67Ow5EDBEZyrEbkrIN6B27Bg27Nw4MMOvNjeHGza0IIRgp2wPIx2prHDIDqOwWkMXY6hszhcX/riIOfXVdRba+jmCjqLw0kQ23JgiWHYmEQHHuzYD0cB7CiEDsKwF4KtOVi1YtFRFB5DMQuKT6KEHZZdaNWNVqdh1QWrDrToQOEpCNiQbxzzmrCZAWx+lB1z5bt7c2r13OqinIV44mc/+9lXWfavhOdLMr/655/8t29+/NpDR4nproosNkGXgtczqXJKEoeI51KJCgYlh5PSLGG6M6XHlcVPFna8rDG9JbPflTnelzg/EDk/FDg/4jk/Fri/JnR/XTzzDfn819XeT3SBD9PD7+ZH3+hYvTO99/zC7u6oq0+ka0jitFLYnSnMVmZyh4RoqcQvjBHWndjaLLY2h63OQGIKQiY0145mqiHSii6YsZ0Z2PejAx/am4XNSRTvR/4WSBhhdxodh7DTOFyJY2cL6HoCbq58Udh+cAM9sAG31uD6MlxbhKsxOA6hi7OwZoGtKXQ4jx0H4SiEDsOwG4LdAOx6sS03PmFBITNELShuRQt2WHKiZTdaccOaE605sKUpFLFDyIr5xtBMH8z14gJj/Ki71DVQPNiQbehovP3iK//xof/D8Zyfn//z//sPrz51dTcw4hsodDQoTbmcOlFSGS+pmJ+sSyELSEQWicChJElTKPnc5LFU4UFJ4RP57S9qRt6U2d+TuD4Quz4UuT4SOj8RuL4mnP66eO6bcu83tcFvZUS+nh39KDt6tzD2Zvva6+6Dl2P7e8POTp6mgEDPSUouIJEqkkltAqK9HLdmwe3MoS0PtjGDLU9BxAK+IZjvQb4WFGmHC2Zs1432vLDvgV03bFpQog8LtsLiAOy40XEIO43B5Rg6i6Mbi3Br5b4yBD2wDrdW4drSbxTYxxHY88POLOzNoSM/dhSCwwjsh2E3gHb9sONFF2fRmgPFJ1HUAlELxG2QcMCiC5ZcsDIFK3ZscQrFbBCaRL4x5OgAVyvOPyYKOYunevSuvgLbSPdHH37yJ8Vz7947LzzqbM2xVwlspfThdKxHDm0ifJM4qVpAymORlVQSJ4lAJxJY5CQljdQh4FxIz3sis+NFtekN6dT7YvdH4pmPxNMfi6Y/Fc1+XeL5psz356nhb2fEvp0X/1Zh/JOC+Edli++1b9yd2ns1uLtvnOripWYTUlKTyHoioZRC6mATrVlodQD2p9GeB9uaxhKTyDsCc0bw9qNgL4r2wcoobNlhZwZ23LAzBRtjKN6DIp2waoK9OXQSxk5jcDkKV6NwPfFrSQK6tYpuLKGrC3AlBpci6FIUHUXhMAyHATj0wUEQDsOwH4b9ENoPYHt+tOuFHQ9szaDlKSw6AZFxiE5CfAriDkg4YXEKFqfQggNFbRCwwPwYOLrA3kz0jCoCtjxrI3e6S+UYbf/g/Q+/YlR8JTyf//LfHjpcHS+TTVVwbWXMsTxKnxbfIkZ1XFTJxko4JD2dLEjCJ2OIgscLkki1DM6CNOcxdcfLqtE3ZVPvS90fyWY/ls1+qvB8pvZ9U+P/M13oO5nxv8hf/F5x4juliT8rX/pm9dqn7Rc+ntx7M7h3aXS6X5xWQEzRkyl5FHI1hdRHJ04p0FI97I2jPTe64IKYBc0PoHkjhIZQdASLDUJiBC5Y0JYNbVqwjVG0ZIRoNywNwLYdDn1wEoXTGFwKw6UAXI2ha0vY9WW4sYKuL6OzBFyOwkkITkJwKYpOY3AahZP7ioMgHIRgPwj7QbQfQHs+tOuFnXnYmoUNN1qywX1CkUmI2GHBAYtOLO7CYk4UmYLgJDY/jk31Yub6pJmhtKC9xNbEtzcrRvsb33vvg9+96F8Fz/3o+9Uvfn79YthSKXM1SDztyvl2xUR5SqcaqjlQxoJCNtLTcRISouGAjMNxksilNG6Am/mIrP1Vlfltlf19lfuj1Lmv6TzfSPf9WVbw27mR7+THvlO0+P3ylf9UufjdqsR3ala+Xbf2zbaNzyb23gvuP2QPTqpzG0isCnJyDYXSSaVaUih+HmktC3/QjZ1YYWcKEuMoNIiiw5Aww+IEWhiDxDCsjqKNUWx9CLfUh+JdsGhA2zZ06IPjCJzE4CQGJ0E49sJJEF2Oo7MldG0ZO1tEl+LoKAT7fjgMwKUwuhRDl2JwGoHTMDoOwUEQDoJwGESHAdjzwc487Hhgexa2Z+GCG1u0orAZIhMQtcGCAxYcKOpEMSfEpiBkRR4zsvVi/aW42f6cgLWhMY/bXJTq90z/1X/56z8Kz737Lr9f+l7+j3/8u53wmL1O4u1UrZoLd12lC0OK0QJCtQBKOaiIh2UxkJICbCKi4QksIjmbwnCydA+IG95QD9/V2d9Nc32YPvtppvdbeYFvF4a+UxT5TlHsu0WJ75cu/WXl4veqlr5bsfTtquVv1C990rf2vmvzKbPXpykcoPA7KYweEm2CwggxOGsszo6celKOuzaAji3YxjhaHoW1CXTBhtbtsGKBpRFIGGC5F5a7sUQHSvTA5jjuaB53GkEnC+jSAlyKwUkIDn1wMA/HAXQ5ji4voNMFOI7Avh/2vHDgh9MwOo2iSzF0OYZdjmInETgKwVEIjgJwFID9XxOau68PxdadWMwC4XEIT6KIFUVsEHVA3AnxKRS2oLlRsPag7kL8dF/JRF9VuozV09r64XsffUU2vx3PvXv3fnXv888//40NzyfvPB0bK55tE3jbpLH+zF13yUVX5lR9Sq0ESjiolIMVsnEZdJyCgnEJBBaBoCRR+ujiPUHhS+qON9NG3kifeEdv+yjD9Wnm7NezPZ9lz/95hv+7+tB3s8J/kRf9bl7su7nxP8+Pf1IUulsdeLXN80j1cEKSZ6dIR5PYdiIvRlEcsNKvcHXXxeIHM1IeaSReH8AdjcLeOOxZ8XtO3I4LNqdgeQSiHRBrgpVmtNqJLpjQkRu7FECXotjlBO5sAZ3F4TSC7r/292fRURAd/7qiOgd7Hjjww2EIjqPoJIpOY9hJFB1F4CQClyJwHPmi93E/APve+9Vx2JmDrTm07EBBMwQmUHACRawQd6G4C6J2FJ7Ez49itm7oLiNP9le3VualK6Vup+vv/u5v/1g8n385uv1nP/3x97/25r6vLzogjxn5c40MeyUjMZy6P5fv7Ra1peIr+aiEBcUsrJCNy2VjahomomBSMr6UkmJjKbckhbcU1U+pm57XddzR9N9Vmj5UTX6invpU5fymaubPVPOfqea/qfF+S+P7TOv7UD/7Vo7rxdzRM3Xdckq6l6CYJ8gSJN0prfRxdv2zvKrn+LnPKeTPFTKfaiU+MoBdH4Wrk9ipEzuchl0nujCGFjohVgvrjXCxFw4s6HQOnQThJA5XF9G1BTiLwUkE7fpgcxq23LA7Dwd+dOTF9t1oywa70+jIjx2G0VEEHUfQfR5HYXQaxS7F4DQOxxE4CsFxEB370ZEfd+DH9nxwcR4uzODikxAah7AVRR0oPo3F3BC2QsCCzY9h9n7UW5Ni7qspzdbmZ+i3t3f+7Re/+KPwnH9xvHbv21975/KKL25qCHaoF43CxUHufEvyVBUlbBBt2vXhfoW5nNOWSinnQRkbaoSoVo4qpbh8Hi6dgenJ+CISpY3GsbEkCb7mQJL1oLTsRXHzG5Ked2VD78vMn8ht35ROfyad/kw685lk9uuymY80rrdTx5+Vdx0z81aI6kW8dp2ccyml6ml2z8sc4x129+vcxteEJa+lae9UcG63k54aQA+Z4ZodTt1o34FdHMdWu9BSBezUwOU+dMUCV2bR5SC6FIerCbi6AJfjcBRGF31ozQ1rLrgwDTtz6NCD23dg25OwP40O/dhBGB2G4SgMhyE4CMJRGDuN4S4tYKdxOI3BaRSdhuEkiI4C2EEQ7flgew62ZrEVJxYdh9AEhKYg6kZRJ/jHYX4MPGaYGkCDLdzhrop0hSg3PW1//+Dz35VM/87oOT8/P/+v/9c3NqYNM40ZM9XKYJMy3qOO9Eo8razZFka4nx8xiPw94rkO2Ugpp0GB1YmgQ4Pvy8b35xE704nVUiyXgVREUBCxHBKhmUIeo7GCLPkhN/MhXtHzwto3xD3viUY+EVs+ldm/LnV+JnV/KnN9JLe9KR16glV7lKTfJugOKAVXmbVP8nrvcEdf54y+wR58i9P/Dq/jHWXVW7npr1fzb7cTnxyAmxY4ncL2bNi2Ca21wEY+ulqS9Egr8SET3HKi6350NQJX4nBpATuKop0grM9B3AqRCVi0wZoLtqfRjhPtudDBHNr3w0EYDsNwGITDABz64TAIJzHs0sIXnUNXYuhyFC5F4DiMDkJo3w8XPbA1hy5M4xMWFDBDwI4iLixqR/5RmDfB3BjYB2CsW9TbWChl0bRyqd/r/fGPf/SH47lvLvHzn/3TAztBb1vafL16rlrjr88JdZX7e4o9XRn+HnV8QBE3SsL9wkCfdLpVbMyjtKigV48bKsZMlbjhMnx3DqqVIX0ySEhITkY6IuQR8A0kyngyK0IXHbHTnuCW3+G1vSXsf086/JHM8jW5/VOV40P5xGvcrseSiq/g08+oeQ8yap/id78kHHmTN/EWZ+xtzshd9vD73KEPxF3v6SrvFujv1LKe6cE9YIaTSWxvAl00wmYdHGYTH8tlP19Jf6Yb96gFHphB14NwOYJOIri9ILbpQQtWNNOD2ZrQXDeKmrE1J2zNwr4X2/ej/SAchuEgiPbn0cEc7M/BgR9OonAah9M4XI7D2QI6W4CrC3AahcMwHIXQURDt+7GLHvzqFBYwg8+CwnYsMokFx5DPhDxm5BhGkwOylqpMLjlJzuO0NTfevfvOH4Xn3vn5j//+B5vewbkG+WyV0lWZMVtf5e/v8Q8ag8M9IUNltF+/NKCI93PDfYJAj9RaldKVBn2ZMFwGY7Uw3oBMlagvA6vgQBoFqclYKglpSLgMIq6CiO9KIrlp3B2W7mFe6QuCxtfEnW+LB96TjH0ot7wnNd1htT5KyH2AnP0Is+JpbsdL0qFX5eNviyfvCsff4Y3d5Yx9wDF9KDR8oGi9qyt5pVD4bAv+wWE4GcP2TbDfh/Zr0bVsyrPpslfyRM83EZ8YRg854MY8XPGjowC2M4+t2rH5LmTMhTYlGDPB3YZfsOI25tCOD+0F0X4YHQbRngfbnkKbVthxwpEPnUbgUhyuLMBZAp0twFkCribg8gKcxuByHDuNYYch2PWiC24UsyLvOAQmIGRG/mHkG0YeE3KYcJMjyvICNZ+WnKlJtVtt3/ve9/9wPPd///jj/3YhMGovl9rzZZbCDHtN/bxxODBmjYxbI0N9wZ6CWL8ybuCFexmhXp67kWHIxAyZMFaOJhqQrQVsjciUj1rEUJiC9FScjoJSySiNhOWQceUkfDeZ6krmbbC1twRFL4jr3xB2viMceFc88rZ44BVOyxMphY+wC58W192W9b6iHHlVZX5TYbkrHX+bb36bO/Y2Z/gdYd878vY3lOUvpoufrCXcNMLxCNofgaN+uNqEfziP9nyq8uVM6Qu1pKcH0KM2dGsGzjxw5EGbDizaj8x5UM+FEhpWzULGbOQzoGUXbPlgL4QOw9h+ALdhx2IDsDQMey78qR9disDVBXQtgc4S6CwBZ/c7vJbg6iK6nMCdxNBhGPb8sDmLFh2YdwzNj0BgAOZawdONZgaRdQg/OabJ1Ys1Mpl7yvGXf/mfv4yCPwLPL3/5v56+vjdZoRvJkA5lpk1WVs8bRsITtqjFERkZDRuq44MZi8OKqIERHWD4O9jDmfgBPZjLYbIZOTswVxveUoF61FDDgQI6yqChdCqkkSGTBCVkXEsyaTglxc3krvNUt8QFL4vrXhO0vSroek3c9Yq49TlR9ROysifVVc9pWl9S9d2WGV6WDbwmGXyNO/gac/AlZt8L/I7nxfXPiAsfVYlvFJNOWvB7Pfi9frjcgx5oID6RS39Bq3g5Q/JiBem5LnhyFD1ihxtudDyNNizI14xG0qCOD6VcrIKHtSrAWgUxM9rwwF4QDoOw78WtjuPm2yBhRAcz+NMgXI7C1QW4tgjXFuHaMrq2gs5W0H08JwvYURQdR+AgAFvz2KID5kfQjAHzd4K7GBzlyNEN40aiaUCVpuSUl5TcufPylwv8VceY/fbM7fz8/Ec//KvohKE3R9uXlTFZVeXt74+ZreExp7dv0NdVFTdkLQ2kxvr4cQMj2sOeyCcO6mGiHNlakKsHP91NsNZhQzmoQ4pqOFDGhCI65FOhgAJVNFwvl2IRM6bFzBCfu8GTXhGm3RTkPswve15Y/7K45QV5/eOpFTd0JddSy28o629Kmh4Stz4m7HiC1/EYr/06p+GYW37IK9zn6rclojVd8ko2dTWPerGUfFZJeaSQ/mya8GWl+lWd5OXC5Bfr8M/1YE+MwoM2dOqEDSvEjDDXjI1VouFKNFaNhgqRuRx8/Wh1Cu144dAPR/No24atjaIdG+7Ig52G0OU4nCXg2uKXzgjL6PoKurYEVxfh0gI6iWHHQdj3wto0Co8jdw/O1oq5WnCThdhYLlgakKmT1tWoVIm4XW2d3//+985/4070R+C5f/f3P/va0qx7sKpiorrC090eNZkjo87pTuNsa1WkK3epNz3RI13ooS90JjuK8CN6sJRgzhbk7sNmDJi9DczlyJiBupTQKoVGIdRxUT0H6xQQxtTUGX2KN43mkVBmGcT5ZEoombVKl19j5z7Jr3hUVn5VXbCVmr2oyo1Li5bEpWuiik1hzbawalNctijKDQrSfbxUH1c5JxC5RRyPWBASi1cV/Etq7mMqyYty3etS/RtK5Wt67p0i2u1G4lMG9OAEnDpgywXrDmzFRohacCELCpmxOSPO3YW8/bA0jransf15dOyB42nsyI07ncNO/XApjK4uwPUvGxxuLMGNZXR9Ca4v39/lsCsL2EkAbTpxHgM20ZQ0XEEZrMRG6tBwKd6YhW/XY80FjIpcmUokNpvMP/ibvz7/jT/yH4jn3vn557/uDv6HH/5gNx4x15VOt9ZEhw2LZmtoYNTf3RztKl7szFrpUa32cpY7qLMlOLMeJgqQuxHmemF+CHP3I0sTmMphuAAN5oIhA/VosF4F3pRKcGUnhYpI4bykOQVmZcIYCcxJeBeZtpYiu8xOPxHoLog0PlmqRZw2zM8YE+RYBHmTvHyHIGtGrp/W6FxqlU0inRSIzVyJiSezcHVOTkaAk7rLlj/G178kKnpNmP+6RP+GWvV6tuB2FfnJPnRzEo7dsO2BCx50YRZbm0PL07DgQGEbCowh/yAsDKNNK7bnQifT6NIMujSDrnjgqh+uhuFaDK4twPVFuLEEN5fRF3iW4NoSXF1CV+Jw5EXRYUJPAa5KRW5Ip3eXUToqobUA1atwuSxCtoidJhakKVNj4di//MtPz/9Pnq6/D55fff7v+rc/e/8tZ1fddHNB1Fi9Nt61Pj64ONiW6C1Z6spY71HtGiWHg/x4PcWih4kscNeAtwf5R3CzQ8jeBdZmZKlF45UwWoKGsrBBHbJkwnwxLlaJjxZiHhXY2GBORqMU/ASZGKSxNpniLbYgzuNb+YJWhrCSLqvh6Bq46U2c9G5BqlmltelTLVrFqFQ0LBAO8OR9bE0/K2OEkT1F068mpz/MLn5ZWPMqv/J1Qdmbsvw30pW3q5IfNaArVjiYhm0vXPChTS9u04c2PGh5Bi06IToOgX6I9cK2CY4tcNWKXbfDdRdcn4UbPrgRQtejcD0ONxbgxiLcXEY3FuH6Erq2CGeL6GwRuxyBi25wt+OqVEnZfHpFOrOzmtlcQShLgzwhpqUn67hiOYefn5lz9fLZf5Sx/QF4zr/8MD2/3yn/n7/zLe9gm7clPdGXujGSfcFUvTpYvWYs2DDotvoUe32SE6NwtZFqz4KJDHCUwUwb8hiQZwDN9CBnG+ZoRLYaGC+DkRww6WEqDwKVWKwGCxbBnBo5ueBgYDYGzkrD5mnJ61zxrlC0KGBNcqi1NHIOjZnBlGSxVYX81Fqxuluu6lcreuSSToGwiyfu5io7WdpuZoaBkTVOy07QCh/g1L0saHqd3/wWv/WuuPYtXfoLNbSHBtGJDe27YcsDG17Y8GIbPmx9Hq3NonUHWjFjUQMsdcN+P1w1woPD6OExeMgKt5xwcxZuBtCNCLoegxtxuJlA1xPo2v0MOwFXF9CVGO4kCFtu5OzAVWiTClTcynxmVzO9rz65PpeQKydq2ClankzGFVVXVDz3/K97rP64d8+/G4Lw+fn5+Y//9ocXPNZAe+pKv3DNKFgb0K4P5m8O5W0P6bYNos121oXm5IUagjMfJjLBWojsNcjZhtzdmKMNHI3I0YBZq2GiBI3mYZZsbKYEhRtw8SZCsATzaNCMEGY4aIaLczGxuRTKGl9yrFZtqfmzckoPH1/EJOnoHB1bkSNMLZWoaiSKOrG0RiCu4QobeaI2rqyDrelm6g3MXAu9IEEvv8FrfInf/iav6x1O53vC2rfTdM/WUW4OokMLtuVE67NobQ5W5mDVA2uzcMGJbU1gWyPYuhE2u+GoDT3QQniiA/9UH/GJYdxDE/CAC27No5tBdCOCbsTg+gJci6OzKFyJwOUvLHmwYx/szmKuHlxZGrFAy6vIZ7c30HvqkpsLyAUakobH1AhkCpG0o739G9/87DcP/1c+1/mtqcGv53R/Ic554cGTUJduzSC6MMDbGpLujGbtmwsPzRkXB7irHeTFZny0gTBdhllyYTwHjRWi8SpkbcIm68FSDZZqGCuF0TwYyUW2Qpy/FrfQQVhoJYSKkUcDMyKY5WFfSOeYAAAgAElEQVQePnGWQ5ymk2Ns7p5Stp8uiuuodjWxQ0rK59AyWPwCgaJMqq6QqiqE6iqeoporbuAL2vjiDrayi5VhZBVZmaWL7Kqr/Prn+O1v8Lre5jbdFRe+kSl7uoF8bRDtTqBVB7bkQotOWHbDuhu2pmDHDLsG2OtBe93ooBVdrSM+VkN9tpb+QiP7+U7qkwPYY5PYI27s4Xn0YAjdiMFZHM6i2BU/uuSD0xCcRuFSGDsNoIN5orUDl6tM0stEOVp+SR67qpBVpk/JVTDSxWKtTKOWq+22qb/5wQ9//+D5j3h+o+r58nJ+fveFhyPdGSs9wu0B3v6o9GA87diSe2LRXhxmrfYSE50o3kkItSY5StBYFgznwWg5mmzETzbizFUwWoZMRWgkF0bywFaKAk24eBc+0oj58mFWBTNCmONiHh5hhkOcZpI9KcmrXPaJVrKdxvRqSSYduUlOLhfRyiX8SoWyQq6ukGmqRMpagaRBKGrgixpZ8nZWuoGdb2OVLnCrT/h1j/PrX+TXviosel2uuZPNfrqJdG0I27WgVRu2MAnxSViyoS0bdjCKHffCcRN2Wkc8qU26UkV5uJz5TAn/drH0dpnydo34hTbWs0baU2biE3b06Dx6IIyuRuByCDuaw/ZccOCF4zAcBmDPhzZnieOtuCJNUpqQlyoW61TC7HRRjpavlwn1cmWaSpelzzo4OPrFL7/srvqj8Jx/GXr37ksPz8/Pz9988lqsJ3u5W7Rl4O2PiffHVQdm7f6YdMuUsjZATPRBvB+30E+dqyNM5IIpH0ZLkaWeYG0mmGvQcDEM5qGBbDSSB45KFGrHYh0oVAPebJhVwKwQm+PiZ9l4N4vgYlNcDGqEQ9/XSLZ03HkNeSwtyZBG7kilNqVyazXycpW2VKWtUKiqJfIakaySJ61iKxpY2l52tpVTFOSUb3Grz/hVjwoKn5PoXlHzX84jP9GKu2rCLk7C2iQkJiBhgeVx2B3BXe0m3qhLvlHKuFHAvZbHezBf+Gy+8pVc7WvZua9lFb6Sm/VSsfqlRsmLvcxnTUmPO7EHfOhKEE4CaG8G7TjR4Tw6CsK+H23OwaobOfpQayG+UJmiEwhVAnG6Spqjk6fJpHqVJk2jK8wvunHj1m9UH38Mnnvn559/6ap830Xn5z/7x1tr/oXe7JVe+daAeH9Mtjeu3h3TXhwRrQ9SVwYIi0ZIDOCXhunhzhRrERrJA1MxjNfhrG2EsXo0UAzGXDSYjcYLYK4eRTtxC20oWokFsnFzCtyMkDDDI02zSQ4m0cIijbMoDkFySM71yxg2KXlQQzLoyP3ptO4MblOavDw1tTg1tTRVXalUVUqVZUJFKVddydZ1cDImuHnz3OI4t3yLX3EiyHtAonwulX27gPBYG1wZg4s2tGFFqxZYmYALJjjuIdysZjycp3ooQ/dIeubDuswn0jJe1Oe8nlH8ZnrN67r6V7WVdzLyXylJf6lJ8mx/ymM2wi0PdskPhz7Y88DhPDrx44782J4fbXlhYx5iNuQy4AZqkiq1yZkidppYqJdKU/nSbHVapk5fXlbx6KOP/05RzlfH8+W8l/Pz8/NfffTKE8umuqX+tM0h9b4p9Wg87Wgy+8CSfXFEvm6kr/ZTlvuTVgepF8Z46yPiuTrySDaMFKCxGszcgo00IWM5GPLRQBaaLAZvMy7WjY83YbFSnD8T75bjpgREK5dkYSeNs0iDjKSuFGIXJ2mYlzzKpY4Iko0yWr86ZSCd1Z/BbU0XVemUJVpVcaqyUqeq0SrLZcp8gbqEl9bGz7KICj2isoCgMsSrjnAK14VpV1XiJ/Npj7firpngwIptT+EuWGHbDAd9hGs1rIdzUp/QVjyurntc3fCkpu4ZddXt1JrXdI1v6Fpf1bbe0dXd0Ze+VJD1Qr3yKQPrIVvS2SzuyAu787DrgX0vHHjRgRfb9aGLAdj0wfocWptLWpmhT/UkdZYTa/LIlZm0HEVKrkaZl5Hb1dXz6aff+APY/BY85+e/Lsedn//y5996586atTvWlbY+qN43a07G008tuSfWwqOJgp2R1A0Dd62HvtadsmFgXhwT704oQ63M0WwYyUVjlThTMxpuRYPVmCEfGXPBVga+Nnyklxipx0UKcZ50nE2KjfJwA2xiH4PQyyR00In1KcQqBrGZSe1n00f4bJOEPShjDqdyjTpuZxqvWS+tTleU6+S1mYrmbEVtqrxQpi4W69ul+XZFpU9eH5A0TvPrJpilk6zsqFB9Sc99pJ50awAdT2C7dmxnEo5G0OUm2gM5qU9qKp9Rdz2j7HtK0fesqudFTdfLqd2vaLtf1na+mNryoq7ydkbBi8UZz7bIHhtm3JjCH7nRxRnYmoXtWbQzDzte2PGhLR/a8KDVabToQAkHdiFIi7jwM5M4xzjBPkrsaybWFQpKcjMnrfa///v//qfD8/m9e+fnv/y3n7352PVwf72nXpvokm0Niw7HpUdj6mNz1vF4wYEpZ2dYvWkUrvdw1jpZa73czWHphVH5fCNtKAMMehgowQ014Ida8IZKrDcPGQvAXon525Mi3aRYIyFUgp/JwE3IMSMfdbHxLXRcIw3fSE+qpicV0gj1jORRocgullpFArOYa5LzhlXcAT2/L1/aUahsKVS1Fss6S2VtecpKnaZEoW+WFUyoaryqFq+sxcKp66CVNifnjDC0CZn4WjHtoQ7C5RFsfwL2zOhyL/FmueCJtNLn1D3PaQafUQ0+qxp8UTP4snboZe3QbZ3hOW37M9qap9MLnivIeLpW/Vi34OYo9dSK252CDQesu7ALM9iWB2154cIcWnZDfAqWHBC3Iu8ohB1YaBaFPFhoHvPPomkbftTAryrXR2OJn/3P//Wnw3Pv/Je//Nc7j595WnLmyoWRJsFyH+fiMHtvlLs/LDoa0p0MZh8Ope8MSC8OijeN0qUuUbxTuNQvTRgl823ssQJiVzp05mD9VUmDDaT+SnxPHjLmg70S8zWTwq3khUZSvIoyk0ceVWAGIXRxsSYmoZpGrE4mVNIIpTRiI502IZL45BqPWOYQiKwSiUUhHE3jjxSLBqtkvdWyzipJR6Wso1RVl6Mp06RVK3L7lVVuddusrNPMbW1Mriwl5zcmZ9p5qTtpgluV1Gs9uKMBODDgzppYjxVkPpve+ox28OnU4ac1Q8+lDr+oGbmtGX4h1fC0pvMJbf0T6YWP5WgerpDcauFc6aPuD+E3R7C1UbRkhkUrWnZiyy607ITYJJo3QdiGNucJi3YsZEFhB4rPYws+FPWB34Pmp7EJM7O5Nf+pZ549/30Ocn4XnvN73/7k7bmecncpe6GZvdKXsj5M3jSlXBziXOwTHXSpL/XpLxvT9vuVWwOqdUNqpFXubZT4W8XRPsWyKS3UpTDmElrSoKsQb6giG6oIfUUwUgCOCvA24IONpIV6WrySMZ1NGVVhRil086GJhatJIVRR8bXJxAY6qYFG7mMy/HLNklwb4st9ItWsXGnVSEy5gqEKQX+VoKtM3FwkachXlGdqClPTypV57YrqcWWXSzFglxq6Wa3l1PLqlMIhTv6CQn+UJTquIB804I/ryTfLZY9nlz+p630idehx9eATKsNTKuOTyv5HFZ0Pyxsfltc8qCq+la65VsA9rUrebUpaa0OxTgh0I183ePvBP4SCY7jAKDY/Au4h5BxEPgssu/FBExY0o5gbJbzYoh8t+CHoQ94ZbMLM7u2veOPNt86/gl73q+L55b/+7OG9FWeFIljDWu1hrg1R1scIK8Ok1T7mRqtgr1V51q+/Ppx5aExb7UkNNanmqhXT1fLpGnGgS7U5UbA9WTjTJOjMwJrScR151J5Scm8hNloA09UQbCKEG6mxGlqgiGrXE0c1aFAJPRJo4mE1DHwNjdhMp3QwSB1MSjed6hQIF+XaZYl2UaQLSVKn5IqRdPFgCW+whtdfKWzKF1Wkyws16jxFeomioElRY1R1WlRGu9JoFHZWM6prmVVGfq1LUBSSpMbUwkU962IO/2pm+g1NxS1V+y1V7y15zy1Z+3VZ42Vp7bG48kRUdlVcclmWta8VbuaTFytwgXrMXYtNVIGpCsYbwN4Orh7k6keOPuQwwvQo5rfjF2cJG7NU/wDeNwQJF1rwwKIfEkGI+ME7jSZG2UMjDV/79Bt/Sjz/4yd/ux+wTFcIow2s5R7G8hA1MYiP9uIjLdR4LWu7RXZ1SH9lNGujTxNslE2Xi2xFIluxyFklmm+WLQ/qtyfzEkaNqYDSqMLXq6nN6dT2DJwpH+ZqcaGWpHATNVxNmS8iWjNxo1psQIU6JVDPQ9VMfC2D3Mqk9DCT+tlUA5tm4jLn5fJFuW5ZoguLNDaRakAl7c3mDdcIRxpFvWWipkx5TaqmQpFRoyhuU9f3qtsGVT2Dir5WcUclu7aOVdfDbeqll/am6Ec4aVMSbVSZtqnIOpCXXlI0XZa3nsmbL8ur9qUFm6LcDVHhlrD0oqhkS56Z0Ar8OeSpQtxwEb4nl9isx1qyUG8ZZmrCJruRrR+sBnCZYMlH3F9KvuAnLtoIPgPyGSFiwcJuFPfAgg+FvTDvxsZNPKdr4Ac//D2Ebb8bz9/8l79YsDZPV7ODjSmxzuRoHynYQ/C1E3wNpFAtY7VVtGfUbA9pIp3C2Vqeo5xnKWJPFrPdNYL5RlGgTRLtkQZbhWM5lFYZoU5MqZVTGjX40Xyct54QbaMsdLASTSxvGcmWizelE/pUWKsEq+biKpj4eja5lU3q4SYZeVQjL2VQQHeoxUGVMiZVBSQaq0jeKxG0aTh9hbyBSv5ABd9YLDHmqvrT0ge0hSZd7bC2ZVDd0S3vapR01gpbm3itray22uTqalpBF7fQLC6aFueEBFkbspIDZcOhvGFfUb4mz00osxbUBWFZoVdUNCfIm1WmT+mkpnR6r57SnEquU1FadLSuLEpPIdFYg8xd4DSB145bD5HPtumnq8kJBwRM4BuEuX78zABpbhIFprHgDAp6YN6JnxgReTzm//6jn/wp8Xzvzz6dM5Q4a1jzzYxgOy3USfF1UD0tVE8jNdBIT7RxV7uFS70CfxtruontqufYazlTtSx3HXOmnulpZHub2LNV9PFMUrec0Cgi1ohJjYqksTyCv5641Em/OKDc6lb6ylImswhDOmKfmtgiTariESs5pBYhrVtE6xFSOzikLi5lQESfkHFsAqabz5tXKG0Kab+M06HmdKRx2vTMrhz2YKFgslgxU6jz5md7copd+ipLap1J0TIg7+yVdnaJOtrYHc2Mlg5e45CkbkJSbOfrZzjpcUnhtrJyU1kSUuotcs2YOtOSWjwoyWvlpDZwFC1iWYtc0KBktKSyOnTcTi3LqGcNZKQYc5NMtQR7Hz7kIG1G6dcu8h7aFazPkgMm8I/CvAk3M5Bs72FOGJKcZuK0JWnWTrAPEkY6FYmo/6c//dn5v9vc/sh6z/l//9v/ZytgcTTK51v5kU5+pIPja2N6WmhzDclzNbSZCtp0OW26KnmmjjbTyHI3smZbOXOtLEdVsrWE7K5KCbUJwi38mRL6iI7ULsE3CPFt8iRLDjFYT7poEF4Zzdpt13jzUyb1pGEdpUdDaVEkN0oZzTJ2p5Ldq2J3SVPqmPhmBs7Ep00JGVYu1cpnTCul7nT5mJZn0HDb1dxGFbs5ldWfybPmi4PlqpUq7VJJejQ3J5JetqBpi2r6ZlS9FnnvsKjHJOydlPbaJS2TgvxxjtrCUvglmSvagqBGP6BQ1EmU5VJtuTS9iK/JYouzeYJiPq9czKmWsVrV/EG92KwXTOg5w2m0kUKKrY0yb05e8tL3l5gnq4zV6aS5bjTTCXMGmBnATfVTnQOKvgZ+cym1q4o62ETqryUZGvSP3nrw33H5U+A5Pz//86+9E51o8bQrYr3iWK8w2Mn2t9Nm6+gTecnd8qR2SVKPmjiSQZrIJVuLKfMNKYFGuqOAMppKcOQz4x3yRLck2Mh0l1JH0oidEtSvIDhziLEGyk4v/7RTs1kuCeaypjIYg2mMTi2jWcNt1Qib5bwaQXK9mNIlp/YrqYNC/LQs2SdnzSg5Jgmrk880KrgTOsGQit2mYNfLuc1Kfk8adzST660Qr9VLt6sVe6XZl3NqH9YNPpQ6eqIeXVEMh6QDYflwSDkwL222C/IGubIBttAlTfXrMsxadblYki2S56k1RTpNrkyaJRAViEWVYkGtlNco4XTLeSa1wKLhTWoZ4zl0SwN7xsRKzLC3gilHC/SlKeJMG3JXE9x1SbY63FQLzmWgTfRKKzMFmSJ+joRdq+e2FYu6G4ru3L79lVl8NTz3zs/P7/3qzecenOvPC/aI4n3seD891kv3NjCGtEmNLEIdk9TASeoQEQ0y4qiWMF9OiVRTZ7LJE0qyO5sXa5EvtAujbSmRFvpcRfK4Hj+RnjSXl7RQTVqvoW6VMFdzOMEc7mQmtzed35wmLFfw8nkp+SlJZcykel5Sn4pqzmFZc5hTmZwhWUoNk6wjE0QEyKWTDErBiJLbLmHUCDh1EnGbRmjUs12l7EStYLcq9UZJxVNZPa+qx99UTN5WTD6iGL+qGD1WmbZVhqi0xi7K7mFLethCuzzdlZbZrVLm8oTZUlFZlqwqR1qsFBSJ+CVCfpVE0CjltwpYBilnVMWd0DBsGXRXLd87qloP6/YWhMfx5GMfc74Rc5eQZkrp7jKmtZg+08j29HMNDQy9JEXNV2hFmhxFao5CVV9R9dLt32Jk9EfjOT//l3/6yf6Cc65TtdDPWxtirA/Q4i3UqWzcsJI4qKQNqmhDKrJJSbGlUyIVKUs1tHABbVbP8BcKllrVa12KpQ7OSidzuZ0Vrqb5SyihItJKJXGjLGktj5rIY8/mcIw6drWMk8Gny+gkGQXl0AjNQlq7OLlOTCoSELK4RB2dICEgFsLoRAKdhJeSCTU8xqCa3ylmVPI4lRJ5i1Lcp+OZ8zi+YsmFvKxbGS0vacbelk19IHXcldtfUVmf0Uw8mGo6UnTERUUmgaaOI+wQqWxphTZ9fodKU65Q1GQqG4rE1VmcEjm7RMgpFXDKBdx6AbuFxzDKuWY931YgmG2UeQdUCzbNUSD1Uoh9c5l+7GLOF1McOvpkKtmeRZ/OF4eqlZ5G3lANJ13GlvEVCrFWyU9TcNPqq1re/8qNcF8Vz/m98/vmYH/+0VvegepAp2x9WLAzJtgcYK90MOJNrHAdz1fJmS1hzBQyfWWc5UbuhWbuer1gsVqw3CTZ6dcdDqXv9Cu2unibHcz1FupqA3mlhrhRT9iopiSKmHO53H4do4BHkpDxbDwmIOJSqbgKHqVdSq/mJqXRMB4e6DiMjiMwCAQmCc8k41gkIpeES6cntck53VJWHY9TKZG2qKXdWmmvTjKmS51TFl2U9T4ptb8pdr0ndr2rcL6Van8t3fKsznQqawwI0tu44kKhpEmdOZZROp5eYEjTd2frOvIUTXncCl1KviilgE0v5NCLOMwKLqNewOpSC0YK5VPNGv9IdsiU7SplRQtYew2SS8OytVauJ1sYyNGPi2mTSup8lnS5Inu5IceYI9UKhDK+RizSSHlpSkFOZ5vxe9//T396PPfufX5+fu+X//bzZ66feI1lMWP6hfGM7XHdulGc6OKGm7m+Ou58JdtbwQlUCxaaRevtsovduj2DfndQdzSWedWSf2bOPR3UbHdy1loomx0pW92MjfaUeC1rKofVKkvW0/A8AkrBgyCJkEGjlrOTq3mUInaSNAkYOMQg4FhEAptI4CThOWQ8m4xxSHgOGSdJxhfzknsk/G4Rv1kqaNdIO1TSBrmiUazv4pXYuZ17YsttiestqetdpftdreNuhvW21rgvKh/nKct4onxFap02x6DPG83OHszWdOgFdRp6jZZaqUvOE1KzGdR8VkoBh1kq4NbIhS3pclNtht9csexqCHYWOuTCNU3WXnpxSC4fYFL62Zyl4ppoRrZNzPRkSIL5Wk9uZpNIqeNp1OJMiVCnFOVopYUTY+4f/egf/8R4vhhyde/e+fn5v/zzj65ux6Kj9fHh/FC3xllGt2QTx9KTxtIo47rkiTTaZAZ9Kp8xU8L2VUpi9epYs3yhQ32hN/PAkHNsSN/qkC41chNNgkgDd7acPpyRXCMg6qlIQgBhEl6UhFOSiTk0ciWfVsBMkhARA4+nEwj0JDyThGOREIeMcSl4HpUgoBJEJLyYTNDSyE0iwUiqwqgRG5SiPqm4TaaqE2fU8Iq6OA0BkfFMMf64xPKsaPy23HwnbfTR1LaoIKuVK8sXK4vVGQ26LEN+1kiFtrdAWKumlUqS6vXUpvyUAnlSFpOcz6QXcFilElGNVtlTnOMZbN4PmY5DAysdpZs5xfuZFTFp5rxYPspJ6WPR4jlFN5t7Q+mquTyho5A/qBM3KnVZkgyVKEMpzU6VFmWoimenA//806/kX/B74bn3+Zep30/+/q+uboZme0sny8XDGRSjAjOKMYMQMwjxBjGhX0zslxD6pTiDHG+Qkwxyao+C3KtKHtIyJ/RcRzbPmsUaSaP3paa0SElVPCyPjtKpmJqCySiYjILXUAhpyUmZ9KQ8LuX/K+9Mo9uosgRsbVWlpUpVUmmrUlVpLe1Vpc1abUveFC/xIku2ZceOszoLiUlCgNAJWQADSSAEQhgYGhK2Zh+goZsAEyYNPcA0zWmY6dOHhCEQCIEmEPYmEEvzI3G2BpI+hHOGmXv0Q0f13n2v7lf1Fr1372NhmU4mxWSQFpRpIYlWLsGVEr1KalTKTCqAVAK0XMooAYsSCuOaAmsd8VinW8wzLdbpTn+PNZwzRlv1qWmG+pVU50aqb5O++1Yif6et81pH3YjJmTbRcZqtZ7lugSsl2d46oq0arXVAKUbaFsHaE2jcKuM0Cl6rDel1SYutgeOK2dQFg+1bl03bMrt9Y13qlmjbFdb4EiO73E6f70Dn0qp1weC2pp7Lg/ySiGFxo7mLN2ScrJd0WYwuJx1yUlGfM7Z6zfjX335HhNAfh2di4kilMjFx5PmnH1kzWpyedha8cN4q6zaLCoSkYBL3mEQ9hChPVHUTom5ClCfE3YS01SDN4pIUJk6g4hQmSWGShFpSrZYEEXEAFnlVUrdS6lJKWZXMrgIYpZRSiB0qwIPKPRqFUw0RkBQHpbgc0CkAgwI0KECjAjSqQJMKIJUyWiljVDIGBmgVYFOBaa16gCbnMPQCi3OMjS7xNIxS9f14uqBLzrM0j1HtY/opl5nbNlqaFlOheoM5RtI5p7cUFEbirlJM15lAWuKqHC+f4pe3V6sbeHmckgl6NWcwhQgyy4WKU1qH2nMLmtOXN6WvS8b/Saj/Z6593BpfZfWtcpMXe5AL3OiGaOTWdPeVgfAij2a0Tt8Vw3kzbsUtdsrPO1NuKpqM5p58cuePYfM9eMrlSqXy+qt/uGC4rRQmig6oQFf1UKKCWVQgxT0mUY9JVCDERZO4aBIVTKIeQjzVJGnSidNaURwTxTBxTCONYlIBEXOwmEMkfkTiQ2ReGPAggAsG7SrApgIsKimtkNAKGaWETBCAgxJcITUoQUIpJ5QKowIyKEFCBVIIxMCAFQYZlYxRyRgVwKhkXoWsRYvOMBLTcXIRw63nO67nSheTbUP6mm5zsg1PdGDpEWPdLHOiHmcCOkPCYi8IvrkJ96wklQ/DLRFlczXcEoXbqhUt1VBdAEjYlVEajzJ0wuPtbM6N9PXOnJKbGwheYvbe7Ky7Xyjc7mvbxMavdvNXeaxrvfglfvzaeOS2VNc1gdR5rH4kgQ41m1I+rd1AOGh/nG92UZGh/jkHP/z4J8BTqUxMHHlw+9b5U8MlP9xrFffSVb1EVZGo6iFFeULcQ4oLpLiXEBcJUYEQdZqqWgxV9VpRSiOOacTVWklYIxU0sgAq86OygBrwIzIfAvjUoFcNehCQVQEsDDpgwKKSmuUSIyTVQ6BRKSdUcgJWUGq1w2hsSCXnDA/2d7ZFPQ47jjBquQUBrTBoVYEWFcAqgUaddgbFTMMNC8zOq9z124KlTWxxMVnfaYrU4OEabXXOGE9pWVaFuXFdysKUQo7ZcaoviDV75Fm3vM4tbwpAHXFpoV7ekYYzfizlMNV5PV2ZpukdXQN1mSG/sIjyrzUIt1pzD/PDd/PdW32Zm/11t3gim5z0Wof2hljkzmT3Jm/tUqdllh+bHtEOBM01NGXXMG5zxEEGr1i3/kQncQ7xVCrlI4e/vGPL5XObPX1uqMiIemlxH1lVJKryhKibFOVJcZ4Q9RCiHrOoixRNNYlzelE9Lq7VSJKYpBqThDAJjwIBFPSrQQ6F/GrAp5YFUMiPQj415EFANwy4VIATltkRwALLzDBEITAFo3Yd0VRbt/HKq/7ztde++Pyz997dd/f224sdrX47ZcHVdlTpROR2BHSroFqtZtjKLHbaV7jc69jQVq7l5mBhrT03Yo43GqMpYzSi9TrkWheMhnV4k4XoC5BFr6bRIo8ZwbhRXkOAU1yKkQbsvB7dQCPSGsGb/EyTmy2Eq6cJ4SErO8b417N1t3jaHgoNPyRM2+ab+kuu8w5//n5v+3ZX5BobeYPAbY+1bGSTK22etRx3BR/cEEssDUbjuIWGnSwdue++h4497Occz3t737hy2eyZNdZ+B9BHyfooadFcVTSLCoQoT4jyRFWeEPWYxXmzqIMQtxvFzTpRg1aS0UhSqDiGSaIaIIRBnBoMqEFODXBqGYcCPArwKMihoF8NemHAi0AsDDphwK6GrBjsMBgykeTai1f/6ZU/nVabd9/d9/ijD40tGE343D4D5sQgFwwFVYouQr8mEtwYDY4H/Bu4xI1C87X+lmX2+gIZz5iEMG71Y5qEUd9mZUo+W8lDtDNwjQ5KaFQpHMno1U00PBjXLGozDWc03VFTR8DWTpsHKGoBbV1Ou8fZxGZ37o5A733CtNtcbdv8U+8Kle4ODD7GD2hv8IEAAApSSURBVD7MNW9hmGss5LbqzNZAdqs/82h26IFw7+3+xssC0TbCYYftXlvs6Wee/YnwVN7a/ZeV80tDSbLXLikxkn5KXCBFvURVHyHqM4l7yaoCWZUnqrpN4m5CehRPPS6pxSRJTBTViCMaaRiDgmpQQAEOlQbUEgGVCWogqAYEFOCOvlgo5ETkNpXCCiMcbZs1MPz8rue+/ebYOKdcrkyUyycvYR06dGjD5WtreI9Tr3KoIa8SyurQS2LCTbmajcnglULwMkfwal92tbtlNpXqNAWm0M521tHHeWYE/aMR34hgH/SZu636nBGr0cI1OnWNHq6noE6XsseHtbD4FEo/QDIXsoH1vuqr2epV1shKR3rcXb/e1XCdv3GLp2GLY8rt7u5/8Rd+7cttt1o30+o7Yom74u0PRHqeSs5+0Nd3gyV9PuloIRg36kgLU/7rtb/8aDrf41t65NvDv/vNfecX0iUOLVrFfUxVn1nUS4hKZmmJkAyQ4hIpKhJVeULcZRK3GSTNOkk9Lq3TSpIacVQrjWhkEQwIooCAAjwmC6AyDpUJGBDEwCAK8RjEYZBfq3LqtAHG0tfWee+2u97f//5kFSYdYMrH+By/w/f271u6cA7vIJ0ahQuRB9XyaSx9VUPsmobqdUH/Chu7zhVexdbON0eGmeA0JzfCBUYj/FgyvCwTHav1n1/jXhh19NqNWS0cVcsDKiCKQlk93EJrciTaacQXWr3rhczWUNOlDD+qdyxyhha7Q4tdwlIbt1zvvFTP3Sl0PhYuPO5reYAN3OzQ3sSxt3G1D/L5JwIz7rbn1xn4eRZbq4326S25dNebe/ZVKpWJs3aEOys8kxGrK5Xy4V1P3H9BqbnE470WaS8t7aOlfZS0lxL3U6J+StRrrsqTVZ0mUZtRktNJG3BpFpekNeKEFojhQEQjC6JSAZXxGMBhgICBAgoKqFzAlAKu5nRYiKGmNjbfdP2WA/sPnKGOk3PkSqXy8h9eGMy3BwjcjSl9qDKFKWe4mJUJbgXPXuSyX+LynG/xzXMExsLJUU4Y8djnR70rmqtXtgZXd7CXdTrGYsaZXuMAa2wm4JhGkcbhBgPaxug7CGzQZLrQwV8dyKxxRuYR9gWuwAIvP0QxJZLo02BzjcbzSfvV7vS91cVHw/kHuNQtAdM1vG4z637Q27HDO/M2unWZxjJIk1mLmSMs7U35PXv2Via9PM4lnsrExMSxrW5HXnth5+Wj/X0c0c0oChaoaJEVKXGRFhVoUQ8l6iFFXYSo3STJGaQNOmkGl9Tg0iQui+NAVCsLYQCPAZwG5LWQgMkFTCFo1QGdJkiZm2Ox8UtWvvrHV05+Kn6Q0Ilt/S/s2lmc0uDWa1wYzKnl9Qb1TLdlzOdcYKNmk+QIyczjuQsbUvPD7EyfeUiw9vLmOWnzonr80jzxizbd0gw+N6pptyiaKW23wzSFQFoIbKoB79cZl7Dc6mBqHmXtMxKDrLPfRo44zXM89IgVH6bwoh6bpjdfxHCbA8mbo8INdYYNGfW1Hutj/p6dgTk3WesWmUytOBrSG6vtroGe0r533zlmz3OJp1Ipl49MlMtHJjUf2Pv6PVuuWpJvLApMhw3tohR5St5FQF2EvJOUtxNQs1Fer5fX6uVJvSKuU8RweVQrD2EQjyn8qNyNQB5U4dMiXq3ab9QnvL7zZsza9fTOr7/6+rjlz7xCVS6XTzqR/cVd/za9kOdokweHg5i82YTN9jtHPbYBQt9PGIdctum8bdBnLnnNab3CpxLzOBjSiZtdwPQ6rBRHaiiZHxbzGrAnwHQ7jTmjNqcztJuMM3zehXxwtsdesDEtpDFv1czkzDMC9CwfOUgqOjRV/TQ626Zf7jeuSenXTlGMN6pui0efis7+tbf/RlZYYtfnDHDaibem2fFLL/rq8Jc/DZ7jSk/0zOX9b+3e8fCvbt2wbnzRrIunFZb3dV40kF8x2HPhQPdYsXN+d/twa2MhW5PP1PRma0tNmWJ9XT6b6cjUdjU2DHV3Lx0dvXr12ltvvHHnjqc++uuHxws6+XNGKZ/k0Xxg/74t11zREPSGDepqXN5oxgbdzCyvZdhh6GN0Uxk8SyLVOrlPJXOrQAcCOhHQqZK4ELFDKbYoQUqlZFRg2mLo8FlbrHQzzTTQxFSXrdfnmh709Pk9edYxHLIXfKakVpEzoHPsihUx5KJabHkWX9GkvaLXsG6aenUr+svG9D3h/G1s5nohMOY2FlzIYA6bU7I88sCNx6pcPreN23GzTVrjNMN9+81Xnx06eOijv376ycEvPvn480MffXLww48+/OCdfW/v2bP7jT1vvLlnz/533n53376333r7rbffenf//o8/PnR8SHZSIWfx0nxP1Y7m+ubwF2uXLUrYTCGDkkelab2y6CKm+40Fm7aRQHhMxiJitxryInKPGnQhcjcidyMgiwAMDJlVSrNcaYcVvEFTbTKkzGTKTGYdtkaXs9HGJI3GhB7PUngIV9KQjJUD3RSyKkte0YFfPhW/NGtclWOWdZCD1fBCnhkXqrdGY+NRzxyvbkZCuWwYXjqP+d2z907W94fCVJ9RvsdxftKH5JQF8h87BZ5UVC6XT/YQO4nSmUs4FmTumHPzs08+3hDyBAlEwCEOBatxRYNZ3WDWxHAlh4I+jdKJwVYYtiGIA8NYLebSqj0GTdTt6mhsHOrpSnJ+G4bYYLkTVrAo4tJgbo3WDiOkHCIhwKZU2BHMaTLH/f6+THa4NjKnxraywb8yEZ7P84WwrzXs6+Bd0znfIt45060b5NXntcO/mIddsiSye/fLlaOxvc7x0OBkg52O59StdKd8Lx9Pc8ql0zQcS3sikN+pV84Kz8mJvvzi8/FVF0YdJKdTBnEFr4EEDAxiSgFVcpjap9dlIpELF49dtW7d1s2bbtx87WUrV928ZetLv3/xgwMHPvvs0G8efbg2HKJRhEERClObUZTBtF7aWheLNdWms7H46PCsB+9+4LVXXv3gwAd733jz35955rmHHnnp0Sf+Y8czf/7jK3vf+O+Xfv/crTdcv2LujJnt2bn56uUzvBfMDdy7fc3hw58ftcqPgvMPHU72v02ORt469PHBDesuTXnsvE4ZxBWCVh7EEUGvDTJ0qbPzuV1niNq547dPLJo/b/Hc0bUrVoyvXrNp/cZnfrvj/fcOfHrok/f2v/fVV2e1df2bb77+5NDBvW+8+vLzj//51Re//frLo7//QxEmvlN+3niO/uX4ty+/uH3r9dlQwKtHeb0mTBjrAv6Nl617e++b35e3XC5PTHbaf/vbV4f/7lyjM8kZ7H68oTh7L9/vlJ8vnnK5XJ6YbD3KE9/u+ten5wyWgjYrb7VesHDhp4eOHTVZPjlD+UQDO1E5cezAKXonXQQnfmjwcvqVcrlcrkyUK0fKlSMTlSPl03uH772HH77JnzGek0JjHJOPDh6871f3bLlu8+7Xd59IdXaP749tho5rOc73XOj7P4Dnu61w5j2ZPwzk7Kdjp+Q6PuqZOAdN288Zz/8L+R/PLiTxm3CpQgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="200" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A metamorphic crayon rock.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<b><i>Igneous rocks</i></b><br />
Igneous rocks are formed when magma (molten rock) cools and solidifies. To make an igneous crayon rock, repeat the steps for making the metamorphic rock, except leave the the aluminum foil boat floating on the hot water for a minute or more until all the crayon sediments have melted. (This may take more or less time depending on the brand of crayons that you have used.) Then take the popsicle stick and stir the shavings until they are all mixed together. Remove the boat and let the crayon cool and solidify.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="200" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="188" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An igneous crayon rock.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
If you are using a <a href="http://mommaowlslab.blogspot.com/2011/09/child-friendly-science-journal.html">science journal</a> to record your child's experiments, then you can have them record either the process of making each type of rock or draw a picture of what they looked like at the end (or both).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What's Happening?</b></span><br />
There are three types of rocks (sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous) which, given the right conditions, can be changed from one into another. This is known as the rock cycle, pictured below.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFQJbU1aG-4xp8c1PC1qQqftFtaGcyAzzLeFVtOHMoDZUVa97cB75x_Ry7zsYSe23wzKhwnCYS2rq42YoFUlyzJQfduRQXU2Wqm5o7tMyD1eBgcCPDFzkCWrfNCegdvgiQyCPO1FH8USnh/s1600/crayon+rock+cycle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFQJbU1aG-4xp8c1PC1qQqftFtaGcyAzzLeFVtOHMoDZUVa97cB75x_Ry7zsYSe23wzKhwnCYS2rq42YoFUlyzJQfduRQXU2Wqm5o7tMyD1eBgcCPDFzkCWrfNCegdvgiQyCPO1FH8USnh/s400/crayon+rock+cycle.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
Sedimentary rocks are formed from the compaction and cementation of rock sediments and often have distinguishable layers. They also may have fossils of organisms or other visible rock particles in them. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are exposed to heat and/or pressure; they often have distinct bands or blocks of crystals in them. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and their characteristics, including crystal size, depends on how fast the rock cools. If it cools quickly on the surface of the earth (extrusive igneous rocks), the crystals are small and pores may be apparent. If it cools slowly under the earth, the crystals have a chance to grow larger. More information of rocks can be found in our <a href="http://mommaowlslab.blogspot.com/2011/12/science-thursday-creating-rock.html">Creating a Rock Collection</a> activity.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Extensions</b></span><br />
One thing you could try is to create intrusive vs extrusive igneous crayon rocks. Follow the directions to make two igneous rocks, but cool one in a glass of ice and the other at room temperature. Examine the resulting "rocks" with magnifying glasses to see if there is any difference between them. Please let me know if you try this - this is just a brainstorm idea and I really would like to know if there are any visible differences. <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1404819975/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&tag=moowsla-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=1404819975" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://ws.assoc-amazon.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&Format=_SL110_&ASIN=1404819975&MarketPlace=US&ID=AsinImage&WS=1&tag=moowsla-20&ServiceVersion=20070822" /></a>If you are looking for a good children's book describing the rock cycle, we like the book "<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1404819975/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&tag=moowsla-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=1404819975" target="_blank">The Rock Factory: The Story about the Rock Cycle</a>". It probably is best for early elementary age kids.<br />
<br />
Finally, you could try to make the different types of rocks with chocolate. I'm thinking white, milk and dark chocolate. Food + science - what a yummy combination!<br />
<br />
<a class="pin-it-button" count-layout="horizontal" href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmommaowlslab.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F01%2Fscience-thursday-crayon-rocks.html&media=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-P6M7P67d1S8%2FTyLE9Z0_5LI%2FAAAAAAAAAWA%2FfGHfH7by-pQ%2Fs1600%2Fcrayon%2Brock%2Bcycle.jpg&description=Use%20old%20crayons%20to%20make%20crayon%20rock%20cycle%20-%20sedimentary%2C%20igneous%20and%20metamorphic%20rocks%21">Pin It</a><br />
<script src="http://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js" type="text/javascript">
</script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com33tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-15467408900214811672012-01-14T16:09:00.000-08:002012-10-08T19:19:01.541-07:00Density Fun<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_wtJlQozsNLZmYk6R6EGnDWjabyQGDGGjbIzI654wsZFIcg2GcuQVvNhUM4B8wCxb7nO_hJ3hxzQgzEloXUVPT7NdwqDzR3sn7hv80C0CTxmb3XHfeUNNSCzoR38aKOFZIARpnpxOVZmX/s1600/DSC_0111.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_wtJlQozsNLZmYk6R6EGnDWjabyQGDGGjbIzI654wsZFIcg2GcuQVvNhUM4B8wCxb7nO_hJ3hxzQgzEloXUVPT7NdwqDzR3sn7hv80C0CTxmb3XHfeUNNSCzoR38aKOFZIARpnpxOVZmX/s320/DSC_0111.jpg" width="228" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
This activity is a combination of several different density experiments, from introducing the concept of density to eventually creating a density column of different colored liquids. Density is a difficult concept for a small child to understand, so I'm sure we will need to touch back on it several times. Luckily, there are lots of fun things to do with density!</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Materials Needed:</b></span></div>
<ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<li>6 containers of equal size (we used old baby food containers)</li>
<li>variety of dry foods of different densities (we used baby marshmallows, Kix, oatmeal, rice, flour and beans)</li>
<li>kitchen scale</li>
<li>dry erase marker</li>
<li>7 plastic cups</li>
<li>5 liquids of different densities (we used corn syrup, simple syrup, water, oil and rubbing alcohol) </li>
<li>1/4 cup measuring cup </li>
<li>food coloring</li>
<li>stirrers</li>
<li>pint-sized mason jar or other straight edge glass </li>
</ul>
<ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></ul>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Process:</b></span><b><i> </i></b></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<b><i>Part I:What is Density?</i></b></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Fill the containers with an equal amount of each of the dry foods. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJsnifePajWSc9zKytWPhFsJFzfTvjT3ztUuaskJI5rMPrb896gWo6txcfHlY9-4Jl_nYhfVOlyNZC-eppunHitpYaxoarCkAzEUKsam0cNgbItlVnn7wtimYMWZcyN0idNKgIQzijuaXC/s1600/DSC_0095.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJsnifePajWSc9zKytWPhFsJFzfTvjT3ztUuaskJI5rMPrb896gWo6txcfHlY9-4Jl_nYhfVOlyNZC-eppunHitpYaxoarCkAzEUKsam0cNgbItlVnn7wtimYMWZcyN0idNKgIQzijuaXC/s320/DSC_0095.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Give the containers to your child and ask them to place them in order from the heaviest to the lightest. To do this, encourage them to select two at a time, shake them and decide which one seems heavier. Place them apart and select another container to compare to the two that have already been compared. Continue with this until your child has placed them in order from heaviest to lightest.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3DVdJjiRXSu_IXt6lh5p1mdB88ApxmgbajsFsc3Ikty_DcAqQUKeFd5fKHhyphenhyphentCDfhCKT8YTdScT2UpBlBRniRLWHm7bNP5Cqq7zSmGRk5BQXNJqA0sUL2SSkbq0afd5moGEZ5EntM9mZA/s1600/DSC_0099.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3DVdJjiRXSu_IXt6lh5p1mdB88ApxmgbajsFsc3Ikty_DcAqQUKeFd5fKHhyphenhyphentCDfhCKT8YTdScT2UpBlBRniRLWHm7bNP5Cqq7zSmGRk5BQXNJqA0sUL2SSkbq0afd5moGEZ5EntM9mZA/s320/DSC_0099.JPG" width="228" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7_4LS0qx24K6AkYhUMhC3JsXYtjob6BcJoUtr_0IM7tNWWf8waGAXyrWrdFq15RESup2fqe6IciOXa-oWZDL17ln8FbAQtSqjIZLk5fa6CJlj0pdpYLy-jM3Dsm_ee1FKbp-fUYTskIFt/s1600/DSC_0101.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7_4LS0qx24K6AkYhUMhC3JsXYtjob6BcJoUtr_0IM7tNWWf8waGAXyrWrdFq15RESup2fqe6IciOXa-oWZDL17ln8FbAQtSqjIZLk5fa6CJlj0pdpYLy-jM3Dsm_ee1FKbp-fUYTskIFt/s320/DSC_0101.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Ask your child how they can determine if the order they placed the containers in is accurate or not. If they have a problem trying to come up with idea of using a scale, ask them what the doctor uses to weigh them when they go to an appointment. Use the kitchen scale to weigh each of the containers and record the amount. We used a piece of paper beneath the containers to record the weight, but you could also write it on the container itself with the dry erase marker. The girls did a pretty good job, only mixing up the marshmallows and Kix!</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn7aw02zF-63O8Lbe5RSiHS5FyiJQT-k_8vS-8T3tD7MmEcy6_9qEfTWKBZrw0A8fKOoTXd8Av8Tb1-KmBRoe53bdDc8e0lIPqCztDzKXwwEX2WU-8Vw6_fiBCHMH4dLuj8JfdXrcBKvKx/s1600/DSC_0105.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn7aw02zF-63O8Lbe5RSiHS5FyiJQT-k_8vS-8T3tD7MmEcy6_9qEfTWKBZrw0A8fKOoTXd8Av8Tb1-KmBRoe53bdDc8e0lIPqCztDzKXwwEX2WU-8Vw6_fiBCHMH4dLuj8JfdXrcBKvKx/s320/DSC_0105.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Discuss the idea of density with your child. In simple terms, density is a measurement of how much "stuff" is in a given space. Because the containers are all the same size, the containers that are heavier contain the samples with the greater density and the containers that are lighter contain the samples with lesser density.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<i><b>Part II: Oil and Water</b></i></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Once your child has a general idea of density, ask them what they think will happen if you mix two liquids of different densities. Add 1/4 cup of water and 1/4 cup of vegetable oil to two of the plastic cups to test the prediction. Weigh each of the cups and determine which liquid weighs more and therefore, because they have the same volume, which has the greater density.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtSutStsU6nskC5Xr-J09963DNm4BZSLIZdpL0kRqBM94c1B6gEq-ApIq1lzIrky9JglqVWLZ8V8bpxFgVUjJhUBh33mUa4fKx9j42Q6vZiizm0w1hqpDwPtYaScLzJzId1X5VyeR6A-k3/s1600/DSC_0106.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtSutStsU6nskC5Xr-J09963DNm4BZSLIZdpL0kRqBM94c1B6gEq-ApIq1lzIrky9JglqVWLZ8V8bpxFgVUjJhUBh33mUa4fKx9j42Q6vZiizm0w1hqpDwPtYaScLzJzId1X5VyeR6A-k3/s320/DSC_0106.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Tell them they are going to mix them together and have them predict which one will go to the top and which will go to the bottom based on which one is denser. Mix them together.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVJ38gMllYgec5sJ_tca63RcKYLBT2LPhgWQqu_v305b1WtbvHT4lPv-xHNrWPS5-zw2Sy81dc4FYjDbxSo_hOhtiQ4XYHMVNRuhXMyCFUZJlhcU5pbdwIjY6LEKTPl-1Pm_qPEfMylfDa/s1600/DSC_0107_2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVJ38gMllYgec5sJ_tca63RcKYLBT2LPhgWQqu_v305b1WtbvHT4lPv-xHNrWPS5-zw2Sy81dc4FYjDbxSo_hOhtiQ4XYHMVNRuhXMyCFUZJlhcU5pbdwIjY6LEKTPl-1Pm_qPEfMylfDa/s320/DSC_0107_2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Evaluate what happened and make sure they understand that the liquids of greater density will go to the bottom and the lower density will go to the top. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<i><b>Part III: Density Column</b></i></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Pour 1/4 cup of each liquid into your plastic cups. If you are using anything thick and sticky, use a spatula to scrape the inside of the cup to make sure you got a full measuring cup of the liquid. I didn't do that and when we weighed the corn syrup, it appeared like it was less dense than the simple syrup so we incorrectly put the simple syrup on the bottom.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHWwenB7MqmLOMBFRG6j9aSIDdJVDTCtJsc0Altg8rAukEDXsgsaONNrzwbzdyHxiP0CA8L-oFfnk4vxNLAqu_9_DFIFo_p-9R78UPR3t58riZUB0uPNj2pXeBFJLuQt92Q_lXy4OzpYbz/s1600/DSC_0103.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHWwenB7MqmLOMBFRG6j9aSIDdJVDTCtJsc0Altg8rAukEDXsgsaONNrzwbzdyHxiP0CA8L-oFfnk4vxNLAqu_9_DFIFo_p-9R78UPR3t58riZUB0uPNj2pXeBFJLuQt92Q_lXy4OzpYbz/s320/DSC_0103.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Weigh each of the liquids, write the measurements on the outside of each cup with the dry erase marker. Put the cups in order from most dense to least dense. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA0AISgXUaamH__FO4Yz0krQGenj5L10nn63vNrewIPS5GYGahrDaQEFA8P9J_BGgfUR4IlFtubnAVMeFVpksIf2riH4q-lVzSiFXDUukRnVplxkWyWe9PEdwUybGQcpVWtFMtMOvyfU2_/s1600/DSC_0108.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA0AISgXUaamH__FO4Yz0krQGenj5L10nn63vNrewIPS5GYGahrDaQEFA8P9J_BGgfUR4IlFtubnAVMeFVpksIf2riH4q-lVzSiFXDUukRnVplxkWyWe9PEdwUybGQcpVWtFMtMOvyfU2_/s320/DSC_0108.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Color the different liquids with food coloring. Note that because the oil won't mix with the water-based food coloring you will need to leave that one yellow. Be careful to only add a couple of drops of food coloring to each one - I let the girls squeeze out their own and the colors got so dark that it was hard to distinguish between the red and orange and between the green and blue. Also, you may want to dye the liquids such that the similar colors won't end up next to each other in the density column. We made the corn syrup orange and the simple syrup red which made it hard to distinguish in the final column.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF-DXXyz0iUs1Gaci2D9iQHXfdSOmnq20VkVq0kazG14-2_gk1TZ4rCr0vqMkRyKR8wOAtDZpgkjG8xhFb6_zU2aQHRM6TmJoqgV1rbyefkbjyugelE7PekFMvY9XDlETzMMdL7rn2Zcgf/s1600/DSC_0109.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF-DXXyz0iUs1Gaci2D9iQHXfdSOmnq20VkVq0kazG14-2_gk1TZ4rCr0vqMkRyKR8wOAtDZpgkjG8xhFb6_zU2aQHRM6TmJoqgV1rbyefkbjyugelE7PekFMvY9XDlETzMMdL7rn2Zcgf/s320/DSC_0109.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Very carefully layer each of the liquids on top of each other. The easiest way to do this is to tilt the jar to the side and pour the liquid slowly in so it hits the side first rather than the other liquid first. Then slowly stand the jar back up, let the layers settle for a bit and then add the next layer.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Our final result is below. See how dark our layers became? Oops! I had to hold it up beneath a light in my kitchen to get a semi-decent picture. Maybe I need a light box!! Hmm...</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiMHKq7qZGkqvoWU4fuiq3mWYG5ad6fZjH0r1-cBCOF2cQM58XLW8QqXbYZuw87jqABT8IcmjvTvK59ve8kKmsvVp6jJRW64xhrxiuhWRuThviZvnxGk-13QXpvoaKUmoy5atQ9pC0Q9BE/s1600/DSC_0114.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiMHKq7qZGkqvoWU4fuiq3mWYG5ad6fZjH0r1-cBCOF2cQM58XLW8QqXbYZuw87jqABT8IcmjvTvK59ve8kKmsvVp6jJRW64xhrxiuhWRuThviZvnxGk-13QXpvoaKUmoy5atQ9pC0Q9BE/s320/DSC_0114.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What's Happening?</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
In simple terms, density is how much of something is found in a given space. The actual way to calculate it is density = mass / volume. This obviously is way beyond what my young children are capable of understanding so I've simplified the activity by using the same volume for all the samples. By keeping the volume constant, the changes in mass reflect the different densities of the substances.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Another concept that is explored in this experiment is miscibility, or how mixable, the different liquids are. Oil and water don't mix and if those layers are mixed while make the column they will separate back out but the rest of the liquids that we used were water-based so if they got mixed accidentally they would not separate back out again. (That's why you have to be so careful when layering the different liquids.) </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Extensions:</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
There are some great examples of density experiments in the blogosphere. If you want to try another version of a density column, I love the <a href="http://www.candyexperiments.com/2009/09/density-rainbow.html" target="_blank">"Density Rainbow"</a> experiment found at the <a href="http://www.candyexperiments.com/" target="_blank">Candy Experiments</a> website. In the experiment, you add different numbers of Skittles to the same quantity of water - a simple but beautiful way to show that the solutions with the greater amount of "stuff" (greater density) should be at the bottom of the density column. It is a bit difficult to layer them because they are so similar, so Loralee recommends using a syringe if you have one. Another great experiment from <a href="http://science-mom.blogspot.com/2011/08/fun-lessons-in-density-and-properties.html" target="_blank">The Scientific Mom</a> is the floating egg demonstration that uses the addition of salt to water to change the density of water to the point where you can make an egg float (instead of sinking).</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Another thing you could do is give your child three film canisters and have them try to fill them so that one of them floats, one sinks and one floats in the middle of the water. Give them a variety of materials which they may use to fill them. This might be a fun thing to try in the bath tub!</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
For older students that are capable of division, provide them with a variety of regular-shaped objects that they are able to measure (in cms) the length, width and height of then have them calculate the volume. Use a kitchen scale to measure the mass (in grams) and then have them calculate the density of each object using the density equation. Have them record all the measurements in their science journal and then use the results to predict whether or not the object will sink or float in water. (The density of water is 1 gram / cubic centimeter.) If you have irregular-shaped objects, you can calculate the volume by using the <a href="http://www.ehow.com/how_2290862_use-water-displacement-measure-volume.html" target="_blank">water displacement method</a>. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Finally, remember those Cartesian Divers from back in the day? Here's a great <a href="http://oceanfest.soest.hawaii.edu/downloads/3_Cartesian_Divers.pdf" target="_blank">experiment</a> with explanation of how to make your own using a condiment packet. (The link opens a pdf.) Eye droppers can also be used in place of the condiment packet.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Science Process Skills Used In This Activity:</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<table bgcolor="FFFFFF" border="5" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; width: 600px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Observing</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Communicating</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Classifying</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Measuring</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Inferring</b></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Predicting</b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">X<br />
</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
I hope you enjoy this activity! If you try it, please let me a comment to let me know how it goes!</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_fbc189c3cfecf744acca902bef73ec05(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_fbc189c3cfecf744acca902bef73ec05(document['FCTB_Init_60f3bb54f50f6a42a58aeffd901ded5f']); delete document['FCTB_Init_60f3bb54f50f6a42a58aeffd901ded5f']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_f8803f020a94c14883aed7856de81007(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_f8803f020a94c14883aed7856de81007(document['FCTB_Init_4a378f2ea2e9be4ca86748b99f196f83']); delete document['FCTB_Init_4a378f2ea2e9be4ca86748b99f196f83']
</script></div>
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_15d6baade649624683eadde28d4dd5f9(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_15d6baade649624683eadde28d4dd5f9(document['FCTB_Init_4a5aed7ede554c488e82f55ef4721188']); delete document['FCTB_Init_4a5aed7ede554c488e82f55ef4721188']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_01e2f9fb44a07648ba00c81079df33eb(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_01e2f9fb44a07648ba00c81079df33eb(document['FCTB_Init_40a49fb9c65bac4e8d1123e8a256d568']); delete document['FCTB_Init_40a49fb9c65bac4e8d1123e8a256d568']
</script><br />
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_f0b288e3550b9f459ce4a972073f9725(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_f0b288e3550b9f459ce4a972073f9725(document['FCTB_Init_7888e8655ad0b049a7036edaafdf45a1']); delete document['FCTB_Init_7888e8655ad0b049a7036edaafdf45a1']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_6011a06ab1cd4545ae4d0fc85465641f(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_6011a06ab1cd4545ae4d0fc85465641f(document['FCTB_Init_c3653fe5b1b94943844af42b1754a08d']); delete document['FCTB_Init_c3653fe5b1b94943844af42b1754a08d']
</script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-43290259360028993912012-01-06T20:57:00.000-08:002012-10-08T19:19:09.944-07:00Fabric and Static Electricity<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
We've been taking a bit of a respite over the holidays and spent most of the time in Reno, where my in-laws live. The weather, which is pretty much always better than Michigan in winter, was absolutely gorgeous - mostly 40s and 50s. As is typical of the Reno climate, it was also very dry and we had to get used to the constant shocking we were giving each other from the static electricity we generated. (Don't get me wrong - I'll trade higher levels of static electricity for warmer weather ANY day!) Inspired by this, when we returned home the girls and I worked on an activity that examines which type of fabric creates the most static electricity. Winter is a great time to do this activity as the lower humidity should make the experiment more successful.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Materials Needed:</b></span></div>
<ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<li>inflated balloon</li>
<li>variety of fabrics (we used wool, polyester, cotton, tulle, fleece and flannel)</li>
<li>acrylic rod</li>
<li>paper hole punch</li>
<li>piece of computer paper - punch out approximately 10 dots/type of fabric)</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B002O9DCZ0/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&tag=moowsla-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B002O9DCZ0" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://ws.assoc-amazon.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&Format=_SL110_&ASIN=B002O9DCZ0&MarketPlace=US&ID=AsinImage&WS=1&tag=moowsla-20&ServiceVersion=20070822" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sculpey Acrylic Roller</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
I am a wannabe-sewer, so I have a fabric stash to pull from but if you don't have fabric lying around you could certainly use clothes made from different materials or check the remnant bin at your local fabric store. The acrylic rod we used was one of those 3/4" thick clay rolling rods like the picture to the right. I imagine an acrylic drink stirrer or one of those glitter wands would work just as well. In addition, glass works very well so if you can find any glass rods then definitely try that!</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Process:</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<b><i>Part I: Demonstrating Static Electricity</i></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRxhJgzV69GsmXZXs8LwQEi7HR_cUPp0RDgJRVYVliwLIUXRGwbFVsCh4tr3emG5gsUGahNInYolRW69Sep3HZYTum4ovIeT3UY_KF-DGpvksqcuGPCBluPeT-DWhEQTIHdQfaZHmCRnLQ/s1600/DSC_0078_2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRxhJgzV69GsmXZXs8LwQEi7HR_cUPp0RDgJRVYVliwLIUXRGwbFVsCh4tr3emG5gsUGahNInYolRW69Sep3HZYTum4ovIeT3UY_KF-DGpvksqcuGPCBluPeT-DWhEQTIHdQfaZHmCRnLQ/s320/DSC_0078_2.JPG" width="228" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
This is a very basic demonstration of static electricity that I can almost guarantee everyone has done before, but kids get a kick out of it every time. Take a balloon and rub it against your head until you have generated enough static electricity to make your hair stand on end. Have your child slowly pull the balloon away from their head and observe what happens. It's fun to have a mirror around when doing this. If its an especially dry (low humidity) day, try sticking the balloon to the wall. (You could also try this in a steamy bathroom and compare the results to just being in normal climate of your house.) Tell them a bit about the static electricity that is created when two materials are rubbed together causing one to take a slightly positive charge and the other to take a slightly negative charge. The difference in charges will cause the materials to slightly stick together.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<i><b>Part II: Fabric and Static Electricity</b></i></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Discuss with your child any examples of times they've experienced static electricity; it may be a shock from touching something when its dry out (especially after running around on a carpet while wearing socks). Or maybe they've seen the sparks generated from fleece pajamas rubbing against their bed sheets (my girls LOVE this!). Show them the different types of fabric you have gathered and have them predict which fabric will create the most static electricity.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Start by placing 10 punched paper dots on your work surface. They should be fairly close together but not touching. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Select the fabric that you want to test to start and have your child hold the base of the acrylic rod and quickly rub the rod with the fabric a number of times. We did 50, but you may need to experiment a bit depending on the type of rod and fabric you are using and the level of humidity. Alternatively, you could rub it for a certain amount of time for each fabric. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgsKGlwhWWdz6OzBSGgaTqRxYhkHhDQFJO7c0XlC-KWQwveUabfGB62NBVI0TLJsmddHH7oBTFUqGs4BGAmYjq_XP4XPFRRvtN79-P-5wIXIENEElKyPuDUvqPqVCGAtddiMdTUK4D3Lp4/s1600/DSC_0076.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgsKGlwhWWdz6OzBSGgaTqRxYhkHhDQFJO7c0XlC-KWQwveUabfGB62NBVI0TLJsmddHH7oBTFUqGs4BGAmYjq_XP4XPFRRvtN79-P-5wIXIENEElKyPuDUvqPqVCGAtddiMdTUK4D3Lp4/s320/DSC_0076.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCwTxbvpFL9uqgZiR-KeEDnLe7nT31mNrDR0hbFSS8qxFjV262pnqvXUsDFzgWxVc28uR4mAYlvi7d06Z6cjgcGGoNRAVL-pAJuwVymcO1-IUWXVaYEYvgNtaH7xMTnFdbyF_1RDfGs9gB/s1600/DSC_0080.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Remove the fabric and slowly pass the rod over the paper dots and then observe how many dots were picked up by the rod. Try not to touch your work surface - you may need to help guide their hand to prevent this from happening. If it does touch, its possible that the small charge generated will discharge. It happened several times to us but I don't think it made a huge difference in the results.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCwTxbvpFL9uqgZiR-KeEDnLe7nT31mNrDR0hbFSS8qxFjV262pnqvXUsDFzgWxVc28uR4mAYlvi7d06Z6cjgcGGoNRAVL-pAJuwVymcO1-IUWXVaYEYvgNtaH7xMTnFdbyF_1RDfGs9gB/s1600/DSC_0080.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCwTxbvpFL9uqgZiR-KeEDnLe7nT31mNrDR0hbFSS8qxFjV262pnqvXUsDFzgWxVc28uR4mAYlvi7d06Z6cjgcGGoNRAVL-pAJuwVymcO1-IUWXVaYEYvgNtaH7xMTnFdbyF_1RDfGs9gB/s320/DSC_0080.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinPrxaX_7EIYidiQzvH8Qhc6JTwtnrJtg1T9FsbRCChcP7hNeZ6zWSROAtmtj8govAV58Gnut09i-OIWWFzmNr-M-cL1jOoGjjF_8cwkIL8s8KfQyzu0ZFbckSWkZ3ucArmS5MyBpoEITc/s1600/DSC_0079_2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinPrxaX_7EIYidiQzvH8Qhc6JTwtnrJtg1T9FsbRCChcP7hNeZ6zWSROAtmtj8govAV58Gnut09i-OIWWFzmNr-M-cL1jOoGjjF_8cwkIL8s8KfQyzu0ZFbckSWkZ3ucArmS5MyBpoEITc/s320/DSC_0079_2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Record how many dots were picked up by the fabric, replenish the dots so that you again have 10 to start with and then do the same thing with your next fabric. Make sure to rub the rod for the same number or amount of time for each fabric. We used the opportunity to practice our graph making. First we lined up each dot that stuck to the rod under each of the fabric samples, and then we made a simple bar graph showing the results. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjetO32hQ7Pp_r1gmvoNN3M2QA4mSsd5JGTWOlf_jli2FNDFLVOZLMVFOG5uv1gF2tEZXH4ialAUBYAHj2NKIYeYs_CVqZ85MRUhMPsJVUD-ghIYp8kFk5Mro24Mz7xcyvGptOwgQrIJYBu/s1600/DSC_0082.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjetO32hQ7Pp_r1gmvoNN3M2QA4mSsd5JGTWOlf_jli2FNDFLVOZLMVFOG5uv1gF2tEZXH4ialAUBYAHj2NKIYeYs_CVqZ85MRUhMPsJVUD-ghIYp8kFk5Mro24Mz7xcyvGptOwgQrIJYBu/s320/DSC_0082.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJYBNSvj6G0FbjgDAvOsqm8V1afxHAfddYY0EHzExts3cZkkmeyZkxVGREw228BRLWHz63O51IoPeDMhelQTok3Vx38dA0XdK8dVEKg-Fz09q5gTZaiH0LrTudem54N5iryaP-T_ortFJU/s1600/DSC_0085.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJYBNSvj6G0FbjgDAvOsqm8V1afxHAfddYY0EHzExts3cZkkmeyZkxVGREw228BRLWHz63O51IoPeDMhelQTok3Vx38dA0XdK8dVEKg-Fz09q5gTZaiH0LrTudem54N5iryaP-T_ortFJU/s320/DSC_0085.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Have your child evaluate the results, using the data from the graph if they made one. Ask them which fabric(s) created the most static electricity and which created the least. See if they can think of other ways to test for static electricity.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What's Happening?</b></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://online.selftestsoftware.com/examimages/CompTIA/Cert-RF0-001/v02.00.01/inline_Exhibit1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://online.selftestsoftware.com/examimages/CompTIA/Cert-RF0-001/v02.00.01/inline_Exhibit1.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source: www.transcender.com</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Static electricity is created when two materials are rubbed together and one of the materials loses some of its electrons to the other material, causing it to become charged. This phenomenon is known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triboelectric" target="_blank">triboelectric effect</a>. The level of charge depends on many things including the humidity, surface roughness and the materials. Some materials are more likely to become positively charged while others are more likely to become negatively charged. In addition, depending on how easy it is for the material to gain or lose the electrons, the material may have a stronger or weaker charge. Thus, materials can be placed in an order, known as the<i> triboelectric series,</i> in which the materials at the top are likely to have a strong positive charge and the materials at the bottom are likely to have a strong negative charge. (The image at the righ is a simplified version of the triboelectric series.) The farther apart the two materials are on the list, the greater the amount of static electricity that will be created when they are rubbed together. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Extensions:</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0590446835/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&tag=moowsla-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0590446835" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://ws.assoc-amazon.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&Format=_SL110_&ASIN=0590446835&MarketPlace=US&ID=AsinImage&WS=1&tag=moowsla-20&ServiceVersion=20070822" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=moowsla-20&l=as2&o=1&a=0590446835" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
We love the Magic School Bus series and the <a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/0590446835/ref=as_li_ss_til?tag=moowsla-20&camp=0&creative=0&linkCode=as4&creativeASIN=0590446835&adid=1629WH5G9TZCQNPJ44C2" target="_blank">Magic School Bus and the Electric Field Trip</a> book does a good job with a basic introduction to electricity, including a bit about static electricity.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
For older kids, try doing multiple trials and have them record their results on a data chart. They should average each of their trials and then they could rank the materials based on their data. Finally, they can compare the results they received to a table of known Triboelectric values (like <a href="http://www.trifield.com/content/tribo-electric-series/" target="_blank">this one</a>) and evaluate their results. You could also repeat on different days, taking note of the humidity levels, and see if that makes any difference in the results.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Other common household materials besides fabric can be used. Try aluminum foil, plastic wrap, computer paper, adhesive tape, paper napkins, etc.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_bbf0c5f2b3e282468f0dcfd0151d37d0(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_bbf0c5f2b3e282468f0dcfd0151d37d0(document['FCTB_Init_e4e98a9a89e7a74fa004bebeac19e3ad']); delete document['FCTB_Init_e4e98a9a89e7a74fa004bebeac19e3ad']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_7e82f2c10a6c984fa69143c73b225668(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_7e82f2c10a6c984fa69143c73b225668(document['FCTB_Init_fe51fcf2de1a9448962f39e0c4789f8b']); delete document['FCTB_Init_fe51fcf2de1a9448962f39e0c4789f8b']
</script></div>
Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-76049991692113321032011-12-23T11:11:00.000-08:002012-10-08T19:19:17.461-07:00Melting Ice with SaltThe origin for this activity was one of those classic questions that kids come up with, "Momma, why do they put ice on the road in the winter?" The follow up question that my older daughter came up with was, "Why do they use salt, though? Couldn't they use sugar?" For those of you lucky enough to live in a warmer climate where that isn't a question in your household, a similar one might be, "Why do you put salt in the pasta water?" (I'll describe how you can do an experiment with second question in the Extensions section below.) <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Materials Needed:</b></span><br />
<ul>
<li>3 small plastic cups</li>
<li>crushed ice or ice cubes</li>
<li>measuring cups</li>
<li>spoon</li>
<li>salt</li>
<li>sugar</li>
</ul>
You could this activity a variety of ways depending on what type of ice you have available. If you only have cubes, the best way would probably be to have your child count out the same number of ice cubes for each cup. For crushed ice, you could either do a volume measurement (using the measuring cups) or, if you have a kitchen scale, you could measure out the same mass/weight of ice for each cup.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Process and Pictures:</b></span><br />
Measure out an equal amount of ice for each of the cups, either by number of cubes, volume of crushed ice using a measuring cup or mass of crushed ice using a kitchen scale. We used 1/2 cup for each of our cups but use what works for your cups.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zzy0pHqC7xM/TvTQ-dppl4I/AAAAAAAAAR8/7qaDK_epO-g/s1600/DSC_3709.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zzy0pHqC7xM/TvTQ-dppl4I/AAAAAAAAAR8/7qaDK_epO-g/s320/DSC_3709.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Add about 1/4 cup of salt to one of the cups, 1/4 cup of sugar to another cup and don't add anything to the third cup. Ask your child to predict which of the cups will melt the fastest.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eFQsumlNhAU/TvTQ_eeztpI/AAAAAAAAASE/B5uGMVDCAQY/s1600/DSC_3710.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eFQsumlNhAU/TvTQ_eeztpI/AAAAAAAAASE/B5uGMVDCAQY/s320/DSC_3710.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<br />
Use the spoon to stir each of the cups. Make sure to rinse the spoon between cups so that you are not contaminating the ice with salt or sugar from another cup. Or use two different spoons.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-y5ytZ-ZbH0s/TvTRAz0DNII/AAAAAAAAASM/HgUlYPKGmB0/s1600/DSC_3711.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-y5ytZ-ZbH0s/TvTRAz0DNII/AAAAAAAAASM/HgUlYPKGmB0/s320/DSC_3711.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Wait - the hardest part for the little ones. If you are using science journals, then this would be a good time for your child to draw the experimental set-up in their journal. Record how long it takes for each of the cups to melt. This takes a while (1-2 hours +) so you will have to go do some other things and come back and check every 15 minutes or so.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ekvLpSCvxpQ/TvTRCrU_opI/AAAAAAAAASU/7jmvinPE6Ck/s1600/DSC_3717.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ekvLpSCvxpQ/TvTRCrU_opI/AAAAAAAAASU/7jmvinPE6Ck/s320/DSC_3717.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From L to R: plain ice, ice with table salt, ice with sugar</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Revisit the prediction your child made at the end regarding which cup had the ice that melted the fastest.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What's Happening:</b></span><br />
Water typically freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit. When table salt (NaCl - sodium chloride) is added to ice, it depresses the melting point; a 10% table salt solution will freeze at 20 degrees Fahrenheit and a 20% table salt solution will freeze at 2 degrees Fahrenheit. Sodium chloride is an ionic solid which means that in water it will dissolve into two different ions, a positively charge sodium ion and a negatively charged calcium ion. The ions interfere with the structure of the ice, making it more difficult to freeze. Similarly, when you add table salt to boiling water it increases the boiling point of water making the pasta cook faster. Other salts will similarly depress the melting point of ice; sodium chloride will actually only work well to about 15 degrees Fahrenheit whereas other salt (magnesium chloride, calcium chloride) is capable of bringing the freezing point down to a lower level. Interestingly, the sugar will also hasten the melting of the ice because it also interferes with the structure of the ice - it just won't melt it as fast because it lacks the ionic structure of salt.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Extensions:</b></span><br />
A great extension to this activity is to make homemade ice cream. Here's a good <a href="http://teachnet.com/lessonplans/science/plastic-bag-ice-cream-recipe/" target="_blank">link</a> with directions for kids to make them in plastic bags. Kids love this process, but be forewarned to have the kids use mittens or to hold the bags as they get cold enough to cause frostbite!<br />
<br />
If you have a thermometer that will measure below 32 degrees Fahrenheit use this to measure the temperature of the different mixtures. You could also add different types of salt (epsom salt, rock salt, table salt, etc.) and record the different temperatures that each mixture drops to. Unfortunately, most kitchen thermometers do not go below 32 degrees Fahrenheit, but you may be able to find one at a teaching supply store. A good place to find some cheap, classroom-style thermometers (and tons of other lab supplies) is <a href="http://www.sciplus.com/index.cfm" target="_blank">American Science & Surplus</a>. I think their "<a href="http://www.sciplus.com/search.cfm?utm_source=internal&utm_medium=search&utm_content=cf&utm_campaign=celsearchtest&formfield1234567891=111&formfield1234567892=15&formfield1234567894=&term=small%2C+two-way&btnHand.x=0&btnHand.y=0" target="_blank">small, two-way thermometer</a>" is a great choice for kitchen science experiments. Similarly, for older kids you could alter the experiment by exploring how different substances affect the boiling point of water.<br />
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_cf3a60555a365f4db03adf916ace2073(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_cf3a60555a365f4db03adf916ace2073(document['FCTB_Init_340807fda6026a408c2597001573ddc0']); delete document['FCTB_Init_340807fda6026a408c2597001573ddc0']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_4ad8cf068acb4d48ade8b3ea187f4d06(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_4ad8cf068acb4d48ade8b3ea187f4d06(document['FCTB_Init_712d3f7409e4d64597ddaf63baa28d88']); delete document['FCTB_Init_712d3f7409e4d64597ddaf63baa28d88']
</script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-65570736311278905282011-12-09T19:24:00.001-08:002012-10-08T19:19:26.550-07:00Grow a Crystal Snowflake<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzfd0nl9WxGi6stDEmFxg-vUzsr918WfNlVOabFoysyIrhV2zzLblnMEA_mEqPuf-Gc3nqqzs4Yr-utjBYvlVWQvykANrwFBkyFgFFQbHnX-ILkfRo6QTVd0XaGhaiJSh17eEvxx-ZI8Kb/s1600/DSC_0247.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzfd0nl9WxGi6stDEmFxg-vUzsr918WfNlVOabFoysyIrhV2zzLblnMEA_mEqPuf-Gc3nqqzs4Yr-utjBYvlVWQvykANrwFBkyFgFFQbHnX-ILkfRo6QTVd0XaGhaiJSh17eEvxx-ZI8Kb/s320/DSC_0247.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Grow your own crystal snowflake ornament overnight! This activity is fast and simple and a great example of crystal growth and shape. From our <a href="http://mommaowlslab.blogspot.com/2011/12/science-thursday-creating-rock.html" target="_blank">rock collection</a> activity last week, the girls are fascinated by crystals. (Crystals are sparkly and they are girls - what else can I say?) Because rocks are combinations of multiple minerals, the crystals are not able to grow in their true form as they would given optimal conditions. We can create those conditions by creating a solution of borax in water and providing a surface (pipe cleaner) on which the crystals can grow overnight. This activity results in a crystal snowflake that can be hung in windows or as an ornament. Please be warned that the resulting crystals do look like rock candy but they SHOULD NOT be tasted! </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Materials Needed (for one snowflake):</b></span></div>
<ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<li>recycled glass jar - pasta jar works well; the larger the jar the bigger the snowflake</li>
<li>boiling water</li>
<li>food coloring (optional) </li>
<li>stirrer - wooden spoon, etc.</li>
<li>pipe cleaner</li>
<li>12" piece of nylon fishing line</li>
<li>pencil </li>
<li>borax - powdered cleaning agent, found with the laundry detergent at the grocery store</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Process and Pics:</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Cut pipe cleaner into smaller pieces that will fit inside the mouth of your glass jar. In nature, snowflakes are always six-sided crystals so you will need three pieces for each snowflake.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Twist the pipe cleaners together at the middle so that you have a six-sided snowflake shape. (Note: you could definitely do this with other shapes - I imagine red hearts would be really cute around Valentine's Day!)</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixyg4jD5XJfPiBYeRwdKQ1uP3UuWO8OaAGgb9Gu4y5qiPFz_tXL-G4IM2nRoigMcMpyEBTWj6n0_U1GSKYdgnGDBSx_C0Vr1MqBuy7euY1XRozAay90LDrKcndKhzTLd2U2OdDPqUhuBPb/s1600/DSC_0233.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixyg4jD5XJfPiBYeRwdKQ1uP3UuWO8OaAGgb9Gu4y5qiPFz_tXL-G4IM2nRoigMcMpyEBTWj6n0_U1GSKYdgnGDBSx_C0Vr1MqBuy7euY1XRozAay90LDrKcndKhzTLd2U2OdDPqUhuBPb/s320/DSC_0233.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiebydEy6RMTaMBGkmqkOegJjf3NmKaiQWo-3FfrWw8ATDiJEArNxAoOQ-0pwMCd7tCoJOq9Am-4u_uURMxX4oYj0fMikQzhsQhnflYtJRCkUE1VODuyOLaacjlB-QgkWW5RKEomjktEJZI/s1600/DSC_0234.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />
</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Attach the fishing line to the top of one of the snowflake spokes. Tie it at the middle in a double knot and then tie another knot at the top. The resulting loop of fishing line will later serve as the hanger for the snowflake and crystals should not form on the nylon line. The picture below shows the knots made with green yarn - note this is for visual purposes only - if this one were hung into the solution then crystals would form on the yarn as well as the pipe cleaner.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiebydEy6RMTaMBGkmqkOegJjf3NmKaiQWo-3FfrWw8ATDiJEArNxAoOQ-0pwMCd7tCoJOq9Am-4u_uURMxX4oYj0fMikQzhsQhnflYtJRCkUE1VODuyOLaacjlB-QgkWW5RKEomjktEJZI/s1600/DSC_0234.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiebydEy6RMTaMBGkmqkOegJjf3NmKaiQWo-3FfrWw8ATDiJEArNxAoOQ-0pwMCd7tCoJOq9Am-4u_uURMxX4oYj0fMikQzhsQhnflYtJRCkUE1VODuyOLaacjlB-QgkWW5RKEomjktEJZI/s320/DSC_0234.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Boil enough water so that the glass jar is filled to within about an inch from the top. Take note of how many cups of water this is because the amount of borax added will depend on the quantity of water. Carefully pour the boiling water into the glass jar - this is an adult job!</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
If desired, add food coloring to the water in the jar. We added about 4 drops for Maya's snowflake but the resulting crystals were not that colorful - more of the resulting blue color was from the underlying color of the pipe cleaner so you may need to add more.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAgTdDCNQNLp7JGU3MZb0_yUBhwlAo3_NfjRQkRAz2GhUFFzI-KskzkqBcyMBei27eTIIGPwWqaeDYDXJvDipLOlCXM0KI8CwmSUw7cGTZx2NK3oP5mQRLEPYb5r3cSdHBlhtorrql4DZH/s1600/DSC_0239.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAgTdDCNQNLp7JGU3MZb0_yUBhwlAo3_NfjRQkRAz2GhUFFzI-KskzkqBcyMBei27eTIIGPwWqaeDYDXJvDipLOlCXM0KI8CwmSUw7cGTZx2NK3oP5mQRLEPYb5r3cSdHBlhtorrql4DZH/s320/DSC_0239.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Add borax to boiling water one tablespoon at a time, stirring to dissolve after each addition. Because borax is slightly caustic, it is best if the adult measures out and adds the borax although you can let your child stir if you like. You will need 3 tablespoons of borax for every cup of water. After the last tablespoon is added, not all will dissolve - that is okay!</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyZuUW5exh-e1NCO8hPvHDdQtBxM2hhEW8vcq1R3XbltsqVgilaw_n5Ky9R8s3PxEMX2mvHDbFE8EETyZsKSwosZPCB_LSKZOfz807MAEoc3JLrmzcGj-ANRK5VV41fvjToQz6O5gUJ5lp/s1600/DSC_0235.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyZuUW5exh-e1NCO8hPvHDdQtBxM2hhEW8vcq1R3XbltsqVgilaw_n5Ky9R8s3PxEMX2mvHDbFE8EETyZsKSwosZPCB_LSKZOfz807MAEoc3JLrmzcGj-ANRK5VV41fvjToQz6O5gUJ5lp/s320/DSC_0235.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Use the loop to hang the snowflake from a pencil and lay the pencil over the top of the jar, inserting the snowflake into the solution. It should hang in the middle of the jar. If it is touching the bottom, you can carefully pull it up and either retie the top knot in the fishing line or use a clothespin to hold it at the correct level. If it is too high, you can make an S-shape with another pipe cleaner and hang that over the pencil, attaching the snowflake shape to the S-shape to lower it.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJTqpV34lPk1Q_DPcBi1rkOZpwdqn3tVd-ywNELia1KB4RoxKrjvuMLCG6AzdVCOeQ6G2qNw1HCUWtg3sailckbZIwG7rxW3VQDRdQfr3BvyDzs3hB_s48qwzY_1aY0h3jQUe7uAIEe4uV/s1600/DSC_0236.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJTqpV34lPk1Q_DPcBi1rkOZpwdqn3tVd-ywNELia1KB4RoxKrjvuMLCG6AzdVCOeQ6G2qNw1HCUWtg3sailckbZIwG7rxW3VQDRdQfr3BvyDzs3hB_s48qwzY_1aY0h3jQUe7uAIEe4uV/s320/DSC_0236.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="212" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi66NN8jcdPqUIt9lPwsjSCWFDceowlPBreL-8biNo-IswQOPqgwtGpmlWx2TMyx2cVnhwEhbjHXtSyxN5EqVex2meKaItT2cyXbeTEI8vTOpJw-GWYonwC8eWZ2rDp1XidZdqBscTMNWoj/s1600/DSC_0238.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi66NN8jcdPqUIt9lPwsjSCWFDceowlPBreL-8biNo-IswQOPqgwtGpmlWx2TMyx2cVnhwEhbjHXtSyxN5EqVex2meKaItT2cyXbeTEI8vTOpJw-GWYonwC8eWZ2rDp1XidZdqBscTMNWoj/s320/DSC_0238.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Give your child time to draw the set-up in their science journal. Sydney used my sample snowflake with the green yarn around it to trace around, which was a great idea!</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Allow to sit for at least 8 hours or overnight for the crystals to develop. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Remove the snowflake from the solution. Rinse very quickly in cold water and place on a folded over paper towel to dry. Hang and admire your snowflake!</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwXXB0cOI8FUiYXKsMukHNTbjnbe_JSF6oX9L-PNxCR_w8mTAoleGAVLMEcT0jA9h11Oda6ipq2TuRkpKQL3FHmlxlP6ZhWlafjFCwpRRAlUVZmLUKUpNvhWgPho_NH78eosd3kOrSwikT/s1600/DSC_0259.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwXXB0cOI8FUiYXKsMukHNTbjnbe_JSF6oX9L-PNxCR_w8mTAoleGAVLMEcT0jA9h11Oda6ipq2TuRkpKQL3FHmlxlP6ZhWlafjFCwpRRAlUVZmLUKUpNvhWgPho_NH78eosd3kOrSwikT/s320/DSC_0259.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What's Happening?</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
The borax (sodium borate) that is sold in grocery stores is in a powdered form but actually has a crystalline nature similar to salt and sugar. Most crystals can be classified as one of seven shapes (or systems). Given the right conditions, crystals will grow in the form of their distinctive shape. Below is a picture of the seven basic shapes that crystals will grow into. A few common examples: borax is monoclinic; sugar is hexaganol and salt (NaCl) is cubic.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.allaboutgemstones.com/images/crystal_system_structures_all.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="85" src="http://www.allaboutgemstones.com/images/crystal_system_structures_all.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
In this activity, we we able to make those conditions happen by adding the borax to boiling water. The hotter the temperature of the water, the greater the amount of borax that is able to be dissolved. The solution becomes "saturated" when it can't dissolve any more of the borax (solute) that you are adding. For best results, we tried to make a "super saturated" solution - one that contains more of the solute that could be dissolved under the conditions. (Remember that not all the Borax dissolved after that last tablespoon was added?) As the solution cools, the water can hold less and less of the borax and the excess borax starts to crystallize out of the solution onto the pipe cleaner. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Extensions:</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Experiment with other types of crystals. Both table salt and sugar will work, but they do take longer to grow (maybe a week). Again, create a super saturated solution by adding your mineral to boiling water to the point where no more will dissolve in the water. Alum, found in the baking good sections of the grocery story (its used in pickling), will also grow good crystals. Here is a great list compiled by About.com of other <a href="http://chemistry.about.com/od/growingcrystals/a/Crystal-Chemicals.htm" target="_blank">crystal growing experiments</a>. If you do grow more crystals then provide your child with a magnifying glass and a strong light and see if they can identify which of the 7 shapes they represent.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX5MWBRbbWz2w8qGttYGhosbz3N1bTyQEx8XCBFFtum8xn4tJpZTEKnmCHHyghQTL7IvQw8QA9CBE9vYxNxAd1t_1pyEHvcNk7epWFhJvEnf56MbW7PmaYcSrEGp4XtA-NpcyBF9o6xniM/s1600/DSC_0249.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX5MWBRbbWz2w8qGttYGhosbz3N1bTyQEx8XCBFFtum8xn4tJpZTEKnmCHHyghQTL7IvQw8QA9CBE9vYxNxAd1t_1pyEHvcNk7epWFhJvEnf56MbW7PmaYcSrEGp4XtA-NpcyBF9o6xniM/s320/DSC_0249.JPG" width="320" /></a>You can also build some models of the seven common crystal shapes. I developed a <a href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B5_n_vH1P3LuYjAwZDVlNTUtNzcyZC00MTVkLTgxNGItN2FlNzE1NmNiNzUy&hl=en_US" target="_blank">crystal structure activity</a> using gumdrops and toothpicks. This would definitely work better with older kids, but Sydney and Maya both enjoyed building them with some help. They are learning some of the geometry words, like "square", "cube", and "rhombus" at school, so if nothing else this was a great way to reinforce their understanding of those shapes. If you want to build the shapes out of paper, Math Forum has a <a href="http://mathforum.org/alejandre/workshops/crystal7.html" target="_blank">crystal activity</a> where you print the shapes, cut them out, and attach them together with glue. (And, I couldn't resist adding this: here's a recipe for <a href="http://busycooks.about.com/od/" target="_blank">homemade gumdrops</a>, if you are so inclined!)</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<a href="http://www.popularfront.com/snowdays/?banner150" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" target="_blank"><img alt="Need a Snow Day?" border="0" height="150" src="http://snowdays.popularfront.com/banners/banner_150_150.jpg" width="150" /></a>And, of course, there a zillion things you can do for further exploration and fun with snowflakes. I found a couple of really fun ones to share. This tutorial from Instructables (one of my favorite sites ever) is great for cutting <a href="http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Make-6-Pointed-Paper-Snowflakes/" target="_blank">6-pointed snowflakes out of paper</a>. Also, <a href="http://snowdays.popularfront.com/" target="_blank">Snowdays from Popular Front</a> is a fun virtual snow flake lab where you can design and "cut" your own snowflake, add a message to it, send it through email and share it with the pool of other snowflake designers. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Have fun with the science of crystals and snowflakes!</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_84070a34acbc3c4081cfc6231771806c(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_84070a34acbc3c4081cfc6231771806c(document['FCTB_Init_aad1479161eff04fb39779400d08dfa0']); delete document['FCTB_Init_aad1479161eff04fb39779400d08dfa0']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_5f51b12342a0804c86b2e6e743c08350(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_5f51b12342a0804c86b2e6e743c08350(document['FCTB_Init_82f0a4d7d6d973478f000b170bd1a4c9']); delete document['FCTB_Init_82f0a4d7d6d973478f000b170bd1a4c9']
</script></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_e014678959028240896f84bc03318d1f(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_e014678959028240896f84bc03318d1f(document['FCTB_Init_4d3712abafe6974db747b6adcec307da']); delete document['FCTB_Init_4d3712abafe6974db747b6adcec307da']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_efffbb23a78cd145aa352d862553607f(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_efffbb23a78cd145aa352d862553607f(document['FCTB_Init_240d8fc3e9dcfd43b84439c2503d43cd']); delete document['FCTB_Init_240d8fc3e9dcfd43b84439c2503d43cd']
</script></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_99f6eefc0503a64b9334bc89b12f1229(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_99f6eefc0503a64b9334bc89b12f1229(document['FCTB_Init_c7cf662383c8e44f83604bd3214133a3']); delete document['FCTB_Init_c7cf662383c8e44f83604bd3214133a3']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_e40e6d02a2290b4b8659704084aee5ce(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_e40e6d02a2290b4b8659704084aee5ce(document['FCTB_Init_3e4a8255b58e3a44b2905b4ff498face']); delete document['FCTB_Init_3e4a8255b58e3a44b2905b4ff498face']
</script></div>
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_150605bb4096eb4384714988e937b194(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_150605bb4096eb4384714988e937b194(document['FCTB_Init_3001bb197df3264babfc667a381d3465']); delete document['FCTB_Init_3001bb197df3264babfc667a381d3465']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_e63e8ea1362cfc48bcbc01a6e62baa52(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_e63e8ea1362cfc48bcbc01a6e62baa52(document['FCTB_Init_9bad836919ffcb458a76756764d09879']); delete document['FCTB_Init_9bad836919ffcb458a76756764d09879']
</script><br />
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_b413f106a533cb458ed90afcd9783620(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_b413f106a533cb458ed90afcd9783620(document['FCTB_Init_f2eca16a449a9047be66141ced195158']); delete document['FCTB_Init_f2eca16a449a9047be66141ced195158']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_cafb849523403247867d58741f938de2(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_cafb849523403247867d58741f938de2(document['FCTB_Init_9e49531306a9d34683f2dd2e3daad5e9']); delete document['FCTB_Init_9e49531306a9d34683f2dd2e3daad5e9']
</script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-11635969168219377732011-12-01T17:59:00.001-08:002012-10-08T19:19:35.247-07:00Creating a Rock Collection<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
My girls both love rocks and frequently come home from our outdoor adventures with pockets stuffed full. Recently, they've taken to destroying, I mean harvesting, rocks from our decaying asphalt driveway. The top layer of asphalt has come off at some spots and the underlying rock layer is exposed. (My hubby and I are having issues justifying the expense of repaving...) Rocks are fascinating to kids and they are a great way to explore some basic geology. A rock collection is a great way to turn those finds your kids come home with into a learning experience.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</div>
<div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none; border-width: medium; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Materials Needed:</b></span></div>
<ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">bucket</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">digging tool</li>
<li style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">magnifying glass</li>
<li>sorting containers (we used plastic egg and apple cartons we pulled from the recyling bin)</li>
<li>desk lamp</li>
<li>rock and mineral guide (we used the <a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/1564586634/ref=as_li_ss_til?tag=moowsla-20&camp=0&creative=0&linkCode=as4&creativeASIN=1564586634&adid=0CQTJ63XNBNQRQ8VTDX8" target="_blank">DK Pocket Guide for Rocks and Minerals</a> as well as a one page <a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B5_n_vH1P3LuOTAxZTliM2EtMjFmMy00MjM2LTliNmMtZThlYzk5MTk4MmYw" target="_blank">sheet</a> (Google Doc) I put together comparing the different types of rocks) </li>
</ul>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Process and Pictures:</b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" dda="true" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGs7KGIhHfGSRWySHcQEABWMBXTds9eQv13XM6P2PR-RcjCToXoh17lKFGOD1LnwFi1zliAetHX2mitj9q4caaeNKWC5t2ziSFmPQMw2DHNkP_zYdWOfZ-FTuRJN8GSxHHd3Ci5IClk_d9/s320/DSC_3647_2.jpg" width="212" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicBe3dx0Iy3uoHwh7CpX7v4er3vD2J_3lyWORsSUC_QSYl5MXB3yKwiMqUeFi8qEWcAWQ8KbczfkioEYzmgavugznvLSMUBPFYMwsVJEGhoPrLQctuNi9l9JNsq-ECVBbDReRIfFa5PZ6a/s1600/DSC_3648.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicBe3dx0Iy3uoHwh7CpX7v4er3vD2J_3lyWORsSUC_QSYl5MXB3yKwiMqUeFi8qEWcAWQ8KbczfkioEYzmgavugznvLSMUBPFYMwsVJEGhoPrLQctuNi9l9JNsq-ECVBbDReRIfFa5PZ6a/s320/DSC_3648.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none; border-width: medium; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none; border-width: medium; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Start off by collecting a variety of rocks. The girls collected some from around our property but you could find them a variety of places. Outcroppings or hillsides are better places to find interesting rocks than flat land in general. (Assuming, of course, that you don't want your child picking apart your driveway.) Give them a bucket in which to put their finds. You can also provide them with a magnifying glass to examine their rocks.<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFne5yAXVbU0kkIqUSNcKjXrJOW1Rd3idfcMR_Yy8ZQvJe3_TyDY-2IBXlR0HqZet8hXNZx2x_o6N6m5nz-FacQnYiUo-LFpIPO70galQNb99ptfq-pW-YLgvXBbx4w-8SSXvxw80MKBpA/s1600/DSC_3653.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFne5yAXVbU0kkIqUSNcKjXrJOW1Rd3idfcMR_Yy8ZQvJe3_TyDY-2IBXlR0HqZet8hXNZx2x_o6N6m5nz-FacQnYiUo-LFpIPO70galQNb99ptfq-pW-YLgvXBbx4w-8SSXvxw80MKBpA/s200/DSC_3653.jpg" width="132" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">Bring the rocks inside and have your child spread them out in front of them. It is helpful to have both a magnifying class for observing the rocks more closely and also a desk lamp to provide some extra light. If you have a rocks and minerals guide this would be a great time to share it with your child; they are often fascinated by the beautiful pictures that the guides often contain. Talk about the properties of the rocks that they can observe. Some rocks may have visible crystals. Some may be very monochromatic while others may have many colors present in them. You may find a rock that has fragments of other rocks in them. You can also have them observe the rocks using their other senses such as feeling how rough or smooth they are. </span></span><br />
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilpt0uE9joxfVidlHWT-hlTMmq1tws1FQlJsWcYHP68So8xBtwzrVb_ojvSc-cPJgfrxVi2vSRrjV4wAdmMxvv1KoK4c8iuUKpjbFSEXQQmMsVoHiJfjbOpGkVyzTnaYrdxHTU0uREr6Z8/s1600/DSC_3660.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilpt0uE9joxfVidlHWT-hlTMmq1tws1FQlJsWcYHP68So8xBtwzrVb_ojvSc-cPJgfrxVi2vSRrjV4wAdmMxvv1KoK4c8iuUKpjbFSEXQQmMsVoHiJfjbOpGkVyzTnaYrdxHTU0uREr6Z8/s200/DSC_3660.JPG" width="200" /></a>Ask your child to sort the rocks. There are a variety of ways to sort, depending on the inclinations of your child. One way to sort which works especially well for the youngest child is by color, which is what my younger child wanted to do. We used a large, apple container for Maya's collection - the impressions were big enough to fit a large number of rocks. The colors are indicative of the minerals present, which you can tie back to the mineral pictures in the guide if you want. For younger children, you could also sort it into what they can imagine using the rocks for, similar to the book "If You Find a Rock". Sort the rocks into groups based on what your child can imagine using them for: skipping, wishing, writing, etc. </div>
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDFJUoGqjs-XN4_cJA_gh8g4hPa6zdcpPXakSgdd8uyeW6V5FAsPOwBOFv8iyaXfjxSCwN15YO0hSh5INc7jG6QjC68guFwGYTK9atM50uwqdy0yYKrEpOx-MjoZO4nNU79uklW_hcPHN2/s1600/DSC_3663.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" dda="true" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDFJUoGqjs-XN4_cJA_gh8g4hPa6zdcpPXakSgdd8uyeW6V5FAsPOwBOFv8iyaXfjxSCwN15YO0hSh5INc7jG6QjC68guFwGYTK9atM50uwqdy0yYKrEpOx-MjoZO4nNU79uklW_hcPHN2/s200/DSC_3663.jpg" width="132" /></a>Another way to sort is by the crystals present in the rocks. Sydney is obsessed by the "sparkles" in the rocks - so we talked about what crystals are and how they grow. (We may have to grow some crystals in the near future she is so fascinated by them...) Sydney started out by sorting the rocks into those with visible crystals and then from there sorted them by those with similar color and texture. We used a 2 dozen egg container for Sydney's collection - the impressions were smaller but able to accommodate her collection with a greater number of groups.</div>
<br />
For older children, see if you can sort the rocks by type: igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic. This is not necessarily an easy process as experienced rock hunters and geologists can spend hours debating the characteristics of various rocks, but you may be able to sort them based on some very general ideas related to how they are formed. (See 'What's Happening' section below for formation information.)<br />
<br />
Put your collection into a safe spot so that future finds can be put into the containers. You can also take pictures of the rocks to put into the child's science journal and make labels for the containers.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What's Happening:</b></span><br />
Rocks are all around us. They are a combination of two or more minerals. (For more information on minerals, see the 'Extensions' section below'.) They are classified by how they are formed into either igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary rocks. They are then further identified based on the minerals that are present in the rocks. <br />
<br />
Igneous rocks are formed as molten lava cools and often have interconnected crystals of different minerals. If the crystals are big, then the rock cooled slowly so they were probably formed inside the early. If the crystals are small, then the rock cooled quickly on the surface of the earth. Igneous rocks also may have pores with the gases escaped as the rock cooled. Metamorphic rock is rock that has been transformed due to heat and pressure. They are often denser than igneous rock and their crystals may have separated into bands. Sedimentary rocks are rocks that have been created from fragments of other rocks that have been cemented together. If you can see small pieces of other rocks or, even better, fossils, then you probably have a sedimentary rock. The one page <a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B5_n_vH1P3LuOTAxZTliM2EtMjFmMy00MjM2LTliNmMtZThlYzk5MTk4MmYw" target="_blank">sheet</a> I created has some pictures of common rocks for each of the three types, or you can also refer to this <a href="http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/rxmin/rockchart.html" target="_blank">rock chart</a> from the United States Geological Survey to learn more. I also found this on-line <a href="http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html" target="_blank">rock key</a> that the author has successfully used with elementary age students that you might want to give a try.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVnEqMbi-rEGjR7LgKNTui2ZTP_E7_JWaw2GWf-ZvaI4kRRwo5pBSQQkhZ2HPFXQEtLE3DTw53nPoZnS37mMo10BYfCY4tiM9zrMOW03PtqUwYbaBWeHRIN2vg9yczc5Guw77cnpfrAeDr/s1600/DSC_3657.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Extensions:</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0064451704/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&tag=moowsla-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0064451704" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://ws.assoc-amazon.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&Format=_SL110_&ASIN=0064451704&MarketPlace=US&ID=AsinImage&WS=1&tag=moowsla-20&ServiceVersion=20070822" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=moowsla-20&l=as2&o=1&a=0064451704" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" /><br />
We really enjoyed the book, "<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0064451704/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&tag=moowsla-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0064451704" target="_blank">Let's Go Rock Collecting</a>" by Roma Gans. It starts out with kids going rock collecting but talks about the types or rocks and even the rock cycle. A good intro for young scientists out there and Maya even selected it as a bedtime reading book several days in a row.<br />
<br />
Another thing to do that would be interesting, especially with older kids, is to see if you can identify the minerals that are present in the rocks. For this a guide is especially helpful. Geologists look at the following characteristics to aid in mineral identification:<br />
<ul>
<li>color</li>
<li>streak</li>
<li>transparency</li>
<li>luster</li>
<li>hardness</li>
<li>cleavage</li>
<li>fracture</li>
<li>specific gravity</li>
<li>crystal form</li>
</ul>
You can find more information on each of these characteristics on the "<a href="http://www.rocksforkids.com/RFK/identification.html" target="_blank">Rocks for Kids</a>" website. </div>
<div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none; border-width: medium; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVnEqMbi-rEGjR7LgKNTui2ZTP_E7_JWaw2GWf-ZvaI4kRRwo5pBSQQkhZ2HPFXQEtLE3DTw53nPoZnS37mMo10BYfCY4tiM9zrMOW03PtqUwYbaBWeHRIN2vg9yczc5Guw77cnpfrAeDr/s1600/DSC_3657.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVnEqMbi-rEGjR7LgKNTui2ZTP_E7_JWaw2GWf-ZvaI4kRRwo5pBSQQkhZ2HPFXQEtLE3DTw53nPoZnS37mMo10BYfCY4tiM9zrMOW03PtqUwYbaBWeHRIN2vg9yczc5Guw77cnpfrAeDr/s320/DSC_3657.jpg" width="211" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maya testing the streak of one of her rocks. </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<img height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH584585-msvniLyUYXPJHTWtNpI3hQM-pEiWr_H8Zt_wbPa1baZ457lxLbn4mO1mGEgCQEyB0BfeyprdpQEzrTLAZRDYlMUHhhjJ5tRGdF6kuq___1Jme3R_dp_OZgLfxctRn2zhywL0t/s200/DSC_3653.jpg" style="filter: alpha(opacity=30); left: 535px; mozopacity: 0.3; opacity: 0.3; position: absolute; top: 878px; visibility: hidden;" width="63" /><br />
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_6ce17588feb219439abd07464163f99e(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_6ce17588feb219439abd07464163f99e(document['FCTB_Init_e867ef9acdf0494583477c05468784ee']); delete document['FCTB_Init_e867ef9acdf0494583477c05468784ee']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_e744485d9a820a44bdc4e22d1eb090a0(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_e744485d9a820a44bdc4e22d1eb090a0(document['FCTB_Init_018e015b80d14343958fc59178f6cf46']); delete document['FCTB_Init_018e015b80d14343958fc59178f6cf46']
</script><br />
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_bce7f748333b4d4599e622c85fc45df0(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_bce7f748333b4d4599e622c85fc45df0(document['FCTB_Init_b6ed8d4ef228914083bb881b47af2810']); delete document['FCTB_Init_b6ed8d4ef228914083bb881b47af2810']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_f4219f879fa94f43a3360af456655343(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_f4219f879fa94f43a3360af456655343(document['FCTB_Init_63c8e2b11f575b41bc8b0334fa35a291']); delete document['FCTB_Init_63c8e2b11f575b41bc8b0334fa35a291']
</script></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_ddd2d34fedfad4489fb31727a0187b81(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_ddd2d34fedfad4489fb31727a0187b81(document['FCTB_Init_689ee5e5adc4d649a668c5f40e71a512']); delete document['FCTB_Init_689ee5e5adc4d649a668c5f40e71a512']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_f3d565761fbf8b4597c534255e10e870(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_f3d565761fbf8b4597c534255e10e870(document['FCTB_Init_493ad95a812c3043b984310a0534acee']); delete document['FCTB_Init_493ad95a812c3043b984310a0534acee']
</script></div>
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_f66c6ad421f6ad4a89e69d6ebf5a4909(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_f66c6ad421f6ad4a89e69d6ebf5a4909(document['FCTB_Init_964346b024c9154a9e291268f2ff6af2']); delete document['FCTB_Init_964346b024c9154a9e291268f2ff6af2']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_d49e1ad74896ab45b70a6c50a77be8b2(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_d49e1ad74896ab45b70a6c50a77be8b2(document['FCTB_Init_b6e14fe5c315d042ad2445f0ebe9a1f0']); delete document['FCTB_Init_b6e14fe5c315d042ad2445f0ebe9a1f0']
</script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-7910839825047474412011-11-19T19:17:00.000-08:002011-11-30T19:03:12.019-08:00If You Find a Rock<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwDu_rrfZaK9emuIDxOnGwUZ8oQCrVLNeVyQORvpsHOQovzx9gK0OMDUJjEJ8cv8l_fbLHfYI7HIpNqRhQipAdAyo9SsjB23xLL4OliUffDUyXjELl3vIBVbx1y4v81KiHnqaBC8VNmgj1/s1600/DSC_0204.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwDu_rrfZaK9emuIDxOnGwUZ8oQCrVLNeVyQORvpsHOQovzx9gK0OMDUJjEJ8cv8l_fbLHfYI7HIpNqRhQipAdAyo9SsjB23xLL4OliUffDUyXjELl3vIBVbx1y4v81KiHnqaBC8VNmgj1/s320/DSC_0204.jpg" width="212" /></a></div> <br />
We're a bit delayed on our science activity this week. Cranky kids, sick dog, not enough sleep, grumpy momma - did I just type that? Well, it's true.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0152393390/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&tag=moowsla-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=0152393390" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://ws.assoc-amazon.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&Format=_SL110_&ASIN=0152393390&MarketPlace=US&ID=AsinImage&WS=1&tag=moowsla-20&ServiceVersion=20070822" /></a>We actually did do an activity on rock collecting, which I'll write up soon, but in the meantime wanted to share a wonderful book that has inspired us this week, called "<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0152393390/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&tag=moowsla-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=0152393390" target="_blank">If You Find a Rock</a>". It is a beautifully written and photographed book about all the wonderful things a rock can be.<br />
<br />
My family loves rocks; both girls are little rock hounds. After an afternoon outside, I have to be careful to check their pockets lest their findings wreak havoc on my washing machine. They take after my mom, their dear Neeni, who also collects what the author would classify as "memory" rocks from special trips. What other types of rocks are there? Here's a small excerpt from the book: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">"... Or you might find a rock<br />
whose water-smoothed surface<br />
catches your eye.<br />
If it feels easy in your hand<br />
when you rub it,<br />
then you found a worry rock.<br />
You rub it between<br />
your fingers<br />
and your troubles<br />
are smoothed away."</blockquote>I love the connections between poetry, art and science! Do you have any books like this that make your heart and brain sing?<br />
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_66e63cc554122c43b17973e3643297c2(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_66e63cc554122c43b17973e3643297c2(document['FCTB_Init_7c0e4ede7d82f249808928348fbc2bf9']); delete document['FCTB_Init_7c0e4ede7d82f249808928348fbc2bf9']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_8eae2c3929e7ab41866dd1192bc89fff(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_8eae2c3929e7ab41866dd1192bc89fff(document['FCTB_Init_0159fd15cad1f64785d2916088dd8139']); delete document['FCTB_Init_0159fd15cad1f64785d2916088dd8139']
</script><br />
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_7a216ca7417bfa40b18a7cb555de3bb9(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_7a216ca7417bfa40b18a7cb555de3bb9(document['FCTB_Init_188520d7a6b29f43be6f72db0e6830d3']); delete document['FCTB_Init_188520d7a6b29f43be6f72db0e6830d3']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_7cc13426e0336940afa0343790ed4da7(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_7cc13426e0336940afa0343790ed4da7(document['FCTB_Init_4a7bde470dae2c4db8484c50a1a3f712']); delete document['FCTB_Init_4a7bde470dae2c4db8484c50a1a3f712']
</script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-22988808792362233662011-11-14T20:35:00.000-08:002011-11-19T19:27:34.369-08:00Natural Wood Building Blocks<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhAT1ok7JLLQgkUJf3ewvKbhT0LHESwQ5d9AMJtC5IyMS1Z5yZ9qfwY0EAKPUlHIXO6mOIZkKQx5FmVrSVCHeMPZW5s89KCnzxR_Cq_dppJI62hzvZDB9uhoCtJGCmCh1b2L4PXcYu6S0y/s1600/IMG_0412.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhAT1ok7JLLQgkUJf3ewvKbhT0LHESwQ5d9AMJtC5IyMS1Z5yZ9qfwY0EAKPUlHIXO6mOIZkKQx5FmVrSVCHeMPZW5s89KCnzxR_Cq_dppJI62hzvZDB9uhoCtJGCmCh1b2L4PXcYu6S0y/s400/IMG_0412.JPG" width="300" /></a></div><br />
I thought I'd start this post with a public service announcement:<br />
<br />
<i><b>No trees were harmed in the making of these blocks.</b></i><br />
<br />
No, no, that wasn't it.<br />
<br />
<i><b>I am, by no possible scope of the definition, a woodworker. </b></i><br />
<br />
<i><b>And, I'm not so sure this was such a great project for an almost 6 mos pregnant lady like myself - too many contortions required by my less-than-mobile body!</b></i><br />
<br />
Now that that's out of the way... I'd seen some cool, natural wood blocks in a catalog awhile back and loved them, but thought they were a little pricey. Then, my friend had a black walnut tree taken down on her property and said she had some fairly good-sized branches left and my mind started ticking. So, I decided to make these to enter into an auction for our <a href="http://rivercitywildones.org/" target="_blank">local chapter </a>of <a href="http://wildones.org/" target="_blank">Wild Ones</a>, a native plant organization that I am involved with. <br />
<br />
There are several other blogs that talk about how to make blocks like these, including <a href="http://lifeonwillowdale.blogspot.com/2010/12/henrys-natural-wood-blocks-tutorial.html" target="_blank">"Life on Willowdale" </a>and "<a href="http://homeinthecountry.wordpress.com/2010/08/03/natural-wood-blocks/" target="_blank">Home in the Country</a>". They both left the bark on, but for these I decided to try to remove the bark partly because it was fairly covered with lichens and also because of the nature of black walnut wood - it has really cool striations of the darker heartwood and lighter sapwood that I hoped would show better with the bark off. (And, let's face it, because I like to make things harder on myself than necessary.) There is also a <a href="http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:naBTMXD6k0MJ:files.dnr.state.mn.us/volunteering/bldg_blocks.pdf+how+to+make+tree+blocks&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgkAGHn53Z08kNKHb-E2I1ph0Vl9737kmxjTAZYCC0RBTrZoeMNKCZzHCkPNWI5W4eUaEdSpcmGqH8nBEo_itzLiR8cxRQuHcImvcRXkqc9aG-s2ozKHhhih6B4LGkoADwAoRFu&sig=AHIEtbSADYtFNWmdR7SbXimNcdG48lFA8w&pli=1" target="_blank">Google Doc</a> from the State of Minnesota DNR and Project Learning Tree that has some useful information in it. <br />
<br />
Here is roughly the process we followed:<br />
<ol><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFFlN3sgzD6mGbINUULRnFbw95NP3-iWsOE28dBnvSCp9F5lzbqtOt2bQ2KSio91knnur2ym0hDdfSosOlOq7jUj-UFr8qRNejoQZvhBkZnkSBErkDjkOiF58Y8tMM-ZnZQPUGpiflyMMm/s1600/DSC_0049.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></ol>1. Collect the wood. We started with several branches, each about 6' long and ranging from about 2 1/2" at the base to 1" thick at the tip.<br />
<br />
2. Remove the bark (if desired). I used a 1" chisel to do this. (I actually wasn't that successful in this - although it still ended up looking pretty neat - on a lot of the pieces the very innermost layer of bark remained. For more information on the tissues in a tree branch, check out this <a href="http://www.realtrees4kids.org/sixeight/stemsrings.htm" target="_blank">site</a>.) If you remove the bark, then you should sand the branch smooth before you go onto the cutting step. Start with course sandpaper and then work your way to fine. (I used 60, 100, and then 150.) <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhezXU8RZyGUpLr7Z5qlXY2jYL1B9UaGvH0cbvt7MB6pzzwqvZjKDrhKVmfrKZpGlo_6rfK-Z2q1iEGp5vud3CAcug0cvYauHX8ttL9rAvOlGDbzc50RdUzk3WbS4YVUFqIhyP1pbkbgQ9P/s1600/DSC_0048_2.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhezXU8RZyGUpLr7Z5qlXY2jYL1B9UaGvH0cbvt7MB6pzzwqvZjKDrhKVmfrKZpGlo_6rfK-Z2q1iEGp5vud3CAcug0cvYauHX8ttL9rAvOlGDbzc50RdUzk3WbS4YVUFqIhyP1pbkbgQ9P/s320/DSC_0048_2.JPG" width="212" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Branch with bark (mostly) stripped.</td></tr>
</tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFFlN3sgzD6mGbINUULRnFbw95NP3-iWsOE28dBnvSCp9F5lzbqtOt2bQ2KSio91knnur2ym0hDdfSosOlOq7jUj-UFr8qRNejoQZvhBkZnkSBErkDjkOiF58Y8tMM-ZnZQPUGpiflyMMm/s1600/DSC_0049.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFFlN3sgzD6mGbINUULRnFbw95NP3-iWsOE28dBnvSCp9F5lzbqtOt2bQ2KSio91knnur2ym0hDdfSosOlOq7jUj-UFr8qRNejoQZvhBkZnkSBErkDjkOiF58Y8tMM-ZnZQPUGpiflyMMm/s320/DSC_0049.jpg" width="211" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Branch after sanding.</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
3. Cut the branch into your blocks. Try to vary the cuts so that you get a variety of different lengths and widths for your blocks. I used a compound mitre saw, but you could definitely use a hand saw. Sand the cut edges so that no rough spots remain. I used a coarse and then a fine sandpaper. <br />
<br />
4. Dry the blocks in an oven set at a very low temperature (200 degrees or lower) for a period of 2 to 5 hours. To do this, place a wire cooling rack on top of a metal cookie sheet, then add a piece of parchment paper to the top. Put the blocks on this set-up and periodically rotate the blocks. Because I'm a geek, I also weighed a couple of the blocks every half-hour - they lost about 10% of their mass by about the 2 1/2 hour point and then stayed pretty consistent for the next hour so I turned off the oven then. It will be interesting to see if they crack over time, though.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnVNmsk067gp6LLSIn1Kwy7pAZhN5KtSkJUh11byiZn1Kar-kSSK2TOivM72w0zBgE_379vdieJvHRDmwH4DXI5e1nn3v-M8XtYyA1gWSyZleYCTlj7pxVQRiFbev5ovKZb97cT7ncDrHy/s1600/DSC_0056.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnVNmsk067gp6LLSIn1Kwy7pAZhN5KtSkJUh11byiZn1Kar-kSSK2TOivM72w0zBgE_379vdieJvHRDmwH4DXI5e1nn3v-M8XtYyA1gWSyZleYCTlj7pxVQRiFbev5ovKZb97cT7ncDrHy/s320/DSC_0056.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Our drying set-up.</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
5. Re-sand the blocks, if necessary. I noticed that the drying out process seemed to roughen my edges a bit so I did a quick sanding job.<br />
<br />
6. Coat with a protective layer. I used a <a href="http://www.etsy.com/listing/75627264/beeswax-wood-polish-with-organic-jojoba?ref=sr_gallery_2&ga_search_submit=&ga_search_query=jojoba+oil+beeswax+wood&ga_order=most_relevant&ga_ship_to=US&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_type=handmade&ga_facet=handmade" target="_blank">jojoba oil/beeswax mixture</a> that I bought a while ago from <a href="http://www.etsy.com/shop/jupiterschild?ref=seller_info" target="_blank">Jupiter's Child</a> on Etsy. (I also bought an adorable carved wooden squirrel for our nature table - they have some really cute things!) I think you can make your own using olive oil and beeswax (or jojoba oil, which smells amazing, if you can find it). Rub the wax/oil mixture onto all the surfaces of the block. (An aside: Rub the mixture into your hands. Ah!) Let sit for at least an hour then buff off with a smooth cloth. <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnnh0Btg4X-LKNwd0Qfg3iiMUnCh9j13fUTubP1pM1VemWgKvlIcAb1vL2VIXHZTm6GNT4ttF9AWoaCT6D03WacpTcPcAvdNWgGApXufm5zE4fzSZvbvdECZ_9rRQVKPZ63k10pYXjXv6V/s320/IMG_0410.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Blocks coated with the oil/beeswax mixture.</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
7. Play with your Natural Wood Building Blocks!<br />
<br />
<b>A Few Thoughts: </b><br />
<ul><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiciT_HlDWTz3opW2AnJkFWHQXrmxw5JsYTKEn5jX00kRz3_DQr5L_fK8N5UtpH8XmPndyn4iwZMXXeuioK7GW46JhR-kaf2pAr-JnYzyihvLVzygyFA0aNEK7EGt0Nhd9r2LPmNCXNPcGd/s1600/DSC_0052.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiciT_HlDWTz3opW2AnJkFWHQXrmxw5JsYTKEn5jX00kRz3_DQr5L_fK8N5UtpH8XmPndyn4iwZMXXeuioK7GW46JhR-kaf2pAr-JnYzyihvLVzygyFA0aNEK7EGt0Nhd9r2LPmNCXNPcGd/s320/DSC_0052.jpg" width="212" /></a>
<li>Start with a branch that is at least 2" thick at its base; 2 1/2" to 4" would be even better. If you do decide to strip off the bark, then you will lose some thickness there and it is nice to have a diversity of sizes in your blocks. (Mine were a little too uniform.)</li>
<li>While I like the look without the bark, bark removal is not an easy process and added at least a couple of hours to the process, between de-barking and sanding. If you do decided to remove the bark, realize that some types of trees are much easier than others to remove their bark. Also, I've heard that it is easier to remove bark in the spring when the sap is running. </li>
<li>Obviously, the sawing part of this process is not appropriate for young children. I used a small hand sander for most of my sanding (a <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B0000DEZL9/ref=as_li_ss_til?tag=moowsla-20&camp=0&creative=0&linkCode=am1&creativeASIN=B0000DEZL9&adid=0186TYH3WAVK9T3R0KWY&" target="_blank">Dremel</a> would probably have worked even better! Can we say Christmas List?) but if you do the sanding by hand then kids could help there. They also would be great coating the small pieces with the wax/oil mixture. Sydney helped me carry stuff out to the barn but, luckily, she is terrified rather than intrigued by the loud saw I used, so she vacated shortly thereafter.</li>
<li>Air-drying is really probably the way to go, but it requires a lot of patience. My understanding is that it takes about 1 year/1 inch of thickness of wood, depending on the warmth and humidity levels of where you store the wood. I have several branches left that I'm going to treat with <a href="http://www.woodcraft.com/Product/2080619/29483/Anchorseal-2-Green-Wood-Sealer-Quart.aspx" target="_blank">Anchorseal</a>, a waxy product that I picked up at our local WoodCraft store, and try to make another set of blocks next fall. </li>
</ul>If you end up doing this project, please let me know how it turns out and, as always, if you have any ways to improve it! (As I said, I'm not a woodworker!) You can also add any pictures to a new Flickr group I just created, Activities with <a href="http://www.flickr.com/groups/1846626@N22/" target="_blank">Momma Owl's Lab</a>.<br />
<br />
Have fun!<br />
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_eaf6af4a88a1c845949f1197637ab7a6(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_eaf6af4a88a1c845949f1197637ab7a6(document['FCTB_Init_386b5b540198634a9b82b717736faa0c']); delete document['FCTB_Init_386b5b540198634a9b82b717736faa0c']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_75af74a02760a2458a7945e0afaa6120(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_75af74a02760a2458a7945e0afaa6120(document['FCTB_Init_a2d833f7448b5f47964212454dc75b93']); delete document['FCTB_Init_a2d833f7448b5f47964212454dc75b93']
</script><br />
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_52f8b1453c2ed640b406343e348221a4(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_52f8b1453c2ed640b406343e348221a4(document['FCTB_Init_0997964c63f33146add0bcb4b7706928']); delete document['FCTB_Init_0997964c63f33146add0bcb4b7706928']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_fb52a7d11faca141b23e63ce50ae526a(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_fb52a7d11faca141b23e63ce50ae526a(document['FCTB_Init_72912d02629eb2438af85094a97b4617']); delete document['FCTB_Init_72912d02629eb2438af85094a97b4617']
</script><br />
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_0396785ece8b0b4c9163ffd193d5dfb4(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_0396785ece8b0b4c9163ffd193d5dfb4(document['FCTB_Init_713d0fb4bebe3345a4d9ffbba1cdf184']); delete document['FCTB_Init_713d0fb4bebe3345a4d9ffbba1cdf184']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_82f23b372a63504c9780e7aabfc0f731(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_82f23b372a63504c9780e7aabfc0f731(document['FCTB_Init_506bab73d39a484eba98b89121bd61d1']); delete document['FCTB_Init_506bab73d39a484eba98b89121bd61d1']
</script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8948856267683972352.post-10409970947674447052011-11-10T19:46:00.000-08:002012-10-08T19:19:46.352-07:00Smarties Science<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
This activity is another use of your Halloween candy stash. It is adapted from an activity on <a href="http://candyexperiments.com/">CandyExperiments.com</a> - which is a very fun site you should definitely check out for more ideas of what to do with your leftover candy. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Many types of candy has an acid as one of its major ingredients (the origin of the sour flavor) and it will react with baking soda to form bubbles of carbon dioxide. Since we've been talking lately at the dinner table about the importance of chewing your food rather than swallowing it whole, this activity also looks at the impact of surface area on the reaction that is created.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Materials:</b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/91/Smarties.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/91/Smarties.png" /></a></div>
<ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<li>a couple of rolls of <a href="http://www.smarties.com/" target="_blank">Smarties</a> candy (the sour sugar candy not the chocolate wafers)</li>
<li>water (and a pitcher if you are adventurous and want to let your child practice pouring)</li>
<li>2 clear cups</li>
<li>spoon</li>
<li>baking soda</li>
<li>1 teaspoon</li>
<li>wooden or rubber mallet</li>
<li>sandwich-size plastic bags</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
You could do this with only one roll, but its nice to have an extra so you can use the same color Smarty (singular of Smarties?) for the different parts of the experiment. Controlling variables and all. Other sour-tasting candies (like SweeTarts) can be substituted here, although for the second part of the experiment it really should be able to be crumbled or smashed. (I'm partial to Smarties, anyway. I used to eat them, and Nerds, before tests in high school to ostensibly give me some brain-boosting power. I know, I know - what a geek!)</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Process and Pictures:</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<i><b>Part I: The Importance of Baking Soda</b></i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh08HZEz-Q8NYFSPBcpA8X7hylyKwleUIp3OIuq6BSlROaeVCjqFxvwheb-ixhTs3-vbIROTARkloBvOf1yaPRiSNOPEggDF7vtLTT2R8jGiLk2DngoGMn3w4u8Jgly_aozNoeSxsr5As63/s1600/IMG_0390.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh08HZEz-Q8NYFSPBcpA8X7hylyKwleUIp3OIuq6BSlROaeVCjqFxvwheb-ixhTs3-vbIROTARkloBvOf1yaPRiSNOPEggDF7vtLTT2R8jGiLk2DngoGMn3w4u8Jgly_aozNoeSxsr5As63/s320/IMG_0390.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Start off by showing your child the Smarties candy and telling them that you are going to add the candy to some different liquids to see what happens to it. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Have them pour about 1/2 cup of water into each of the two cups. (You can label the cups and draw a line on them to help, which I did although you can't really see it from the picture to the right.)</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Then, measure 1 teaspoon of baking soda and add that to one of the cups. Have your child stir the baking soda into the water and then let it settle for a bit. (This part is important because when you first add the baking soda, the solution is pretty cloudy and you want it to clear up so that you can see the bubbles better.)</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGwuCK6b89lz6NmK2ykGajR5OKSdzv6gvl30havuehe_-XfxQWjLB2IFX2Ze2Rumq7cZixMy8a-QVV_0pi3wzZcmnDiQiz-eESz4As4waFPuZ7W4a8GTx-CQhYmjl83LpIzDrshtPzT2oS/s1600/IMG_0392.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGwuCK6b89lz6NmK2ykGajR5OKSdzv6gvl30havuehe_-XfxQWjLB2IFX2Ze2Rumq7cZixMy8a-QVV_0pi3wzZcmnDiQiz-eESz4As4waFPuZ7W4a8GTx-CQhYmjl83LpIzDrshtPzT2oS/s320/IMG_0392.JPG" width="320" /></a>Give your child two Smarties (preferably the same color) and have them drop the Smarties into the cups at the same time. We did a count-down and its not really that important that they go at the exact same time, just as long as its pretty close.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Observe what happens in each of the cups. They should be able to see the bubbles coming off the candy that is in the baking soda solution. If you lift the cup to their ear they should be able to hear it as well. This might be a good time to review the five senses with them (touch, taste, smell, hearing, and sight) - and also remind them not to taste this experiment. (In small amounts it wouldn't hurt them at all, but I don't think it would taste especially good.)</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
If you are using a science journal or something similar, have them record their observations in it before moving on. Discard the solution and rinse out the cups because they are going to be used again in the next step.<i><b> </b></i></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<i><b>Part II: Smashed v. Whole Smarties</b></i></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUPvHZ_Dy73H-nQGKHxbecL1tCW6uUwZarEv19U3EQUUkIBJOptCqH7BbW67jy674d2FRXqieGzAsBaR43O4oV5ASeXzqXvqDhQX968yQvgmCHiDuM3fmaMQx5cMvCpC3kE7Jfjhkps6xq/s1600/IMG_0396.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUPvHZ_Dy73H-nQGKHxbecL1tCW6uUwZarEv19U3EQUUkIBJOptCqH7BbW67jy674d2FRXqieGzAsBaR43O4oV5ASeXzqXvqDhQX968yQvgmCHiDuM3fmaMQx5cMvCpC3kE7Jfjhkps6xq/s320/IMG_0396.jpg" width="240" /></a>Now that you've established that Smarties react with a baking soda solution to form bubbles of carbon dioxide, we are going to experiment with how the size of the Smarties affects the reaction. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_5d9bc98ad5cd594d8ce25617bbdd7ac6(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_5d9bc98ad5cd594d8ce25617bbdd7ac6(document['FCTB_Init_bcef3f0280d56f40b09ae2f65ebdf6dc']); delete document['FCTB_Init_bcef3f0280d56f40b09ae2f65ebdf6dc']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_3a75c48dc2ef774fa7d5ec34bb7b5396(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_3a75c48dc2ef774fa7d5ec34bb7b5396(document['FCTB_Init_b4c645485f44f8459e937fb175c3f376']); delete document['FCTB_Init_b4c645485f44f8459e937fb175c3f376']
</script>Again, add about 1/2 cup of water to each of the cups. Then, add 1 teaspoon of baking soda to each of the cups and have them stir it in. Let the solution settle for a bit so that it clears up.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
For this part of the experiment, each child needs 4 Smarties. Put two of the Smarties aside and then take the other two and place them in a sandwich-size plastic baggie. (Make sure the top is well secured!) Let them pound the candies into very small pieces.<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_5d9bc98ad5cd594d8ce25617bbdd7ac6(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_5d9bc98ad5cd594d8ce25617bbdd7ac6(document['FCTB_Init_bcef3f0280d56f40b09ae2f65ebdf6dc']); delete document['FCTB_Init_bcef3f0280d56f40b09ae2f65ebdf6dc']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_3a75c48dc2ef774fa7d5ec34bb7b5396(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_3a75c48dc2ef774fa7d5ec34bb7b5396(document['FCTB_Init_b4c645485f44f8459e937fb175c3f376']); delete document['FCTB_Init_b4c645485f44f8459e937fb175c3f376']
</script> </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
At this point, pause and ask your child to predict which type of Smarties, the smashed one or the whole one, they think will make more bubbles when it is added to the baking soda water. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
You are going to add the Smarties to the two cups of baking soda water simultaneously, or as close as you can get it. We found that it was a little tough to get the Smarties powder out of the plastic bag as it kept getting stuck in the zipper at the top. Instead, we snipped a hole in one of the bottom corners and I poured it out of the hole into one of the cups while the girls dropped the whole Smarties into the other cup.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Observe the reactions that occur in the two cups. They should be able to see a great deal more bubbles in the cup with the smashed up Smarties. Again, lift up the cup to their ear and have them listen to the difference in the bubbles - I think its much more extreme than just looking at it. </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTdraf73tQsN6iVo4IRGyKylv9jY4H2JDt7UHl6NROUmTU-TaeA1qd88JcV9KmiDf4_4BYxDfJ4DPcsYN9FWolc7eZX0aK2Qnsf98DBCLdUf2Qa5ePj4qK7-qJkh_NLgwsoDhCKeq7DCnA/s1600/IMG_0401.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTdraf73tQsN6iVo4IRGyKylv9jY4H2JDt7UHl6NROUmTU-TaeA1qd88JcV9KmiDf4_4BYxDfJ4DPcsYN9FWolc7eZX0aK2Qnsf98DBCLdUf2Qa5ePj4qK7-qJkh_NLgwsoDhCKeq7DCnA/s320/IMG_0401.jpg" width="320" /></a>Revisit their prediction about whether the whole or smashed up Smarties would make the greater number of bubbles. If you are using some sort of science journal, give them time to record their thoughts and observations. Sydney's journal is pictured to the right and, as you can see, its a combination of her drawing and both of our lettering. I try to have her write a summary sentence after each activity (which you can kind of see at the bottom) but I help her with some of the other writing. Also, as a note, I didn't think Maya, who is 3, was getting anything out of the journal process, but she opened to the graph that we did last week and she said, "Look, Momma, that's from our M&Ms", so maybe she is getting more out of it than I thought!</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What's Happening:</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Smarties candy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smarties_%28wafer_candy%29" target="_blank">contains</a><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_5d9bc98ad5cd594d8ce25617bbdd7ac6(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_5d9bc98ad5cd594d8ce25617bbdd7ac6(document['FCTB_Init_bcef3f0280d56f40b09ae2f65ebdf6dc']); delete document['FCTB_Init_bcef3f0280d56f40b09ae2f65ebdf6dc']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_3a75c48dc2ef774fa7d5ec34bb7b5396(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_3a75c48dc2ef774fa7d5ec34bb7b5396(document['FCTB_Init_b4c645485f44f8459e937fb175c3f376']); delete document['FCTB_Init_b4c645485f44f8459e937fb175c3f376']
</script> an acid known as citric acid (the same one that is in citrus fruits) that is responsible for its sour taste. Citric acid will react with the baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) solution to form bubbles of carbon dioxide. Sodium bicarbonate is actually a weak base and it breaks apart in water; it is then free to react with the citric acid and forms not only carbon dioxide but also sodium citrate and water, although these aren't as readily apparent in our experiment.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
This activity also examines the affect of surface area on the rate of a chemical reaction. As predicted by my girls, the smaller pieces/greater surface area had a much faster reaction rate/greater bubbles than the whole pieces of Smarties. I tied this idea into why its important to chew your food when you eat rather than just swallowing it whole. When you chew your food well, then the smaller pieces make it easier for your stomach to break it down the rest of the way so that you can get energy out of the food.<span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Extensions:</b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
You could use this basic technique as an acid test and drop a variety of candy types into the baking soda solution to determine whether or not they have acid in them. A great way to use up a huge quantity of candy in a short amount of time!</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Another thing you could do is use it to experiment with other things that might affect the reaction rate, i.e. temperature or quantity of solution. Fill one cup with hot water and one cup with cold water and drop a whole Smarties candy into each one and see if you can discern any difference in the reaction rates. Or, fill one cup with a tiny amount of solution and fill the other to the brim and make the same observations.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
For older kids, the reaction of sodium chloride and water is actually an endothermic reaction, meaning that it absorbs energy from its surroundings thereby making the solution itself cooler. Use a thermometer to see if you can measure the decrease in temperature that occurs when you mix the two substances together. You may need to use an insulated cup and play a bit with quantities to get a discernible difference (depending on the sensitivity of your thermometer) but, hey, that's part of the fun!<br />
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_5d9bc98ad5cd594d8ce25617bbdd7ac6(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_5d9bc98ad5cd594d8ce25617bbdd7ac6(document['FCTB_Init_bcef3f0280d56f40b09ae2f65ebdf6dc']); delete document['FCTB_Init_bcef3f0280d56f40b09ae2f65ebdf6dc']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_3a75c48dc2ef774fa7d5ec34bb7b5396(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_3a75c48dc2ef774fa7d5ec34bb7b5396(document['FCTB_Init_b4c645485f44f8459e937fb175c3f376']); delete document['FCTB_Init_b4c645485f44f8459e937fb175c3f376']
</script></div>
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_b465d5b14ac3a043960244fd38bd6bb0(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_b465d5b14ac3a043960244fd38bd6bb0(document['FCTB_Init_bd87c09fcfef2041a738ed931068a212']); delete document['FCTB_Init_bd87c09fcfef2041a738ed931068a212']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_5a3d71e9188b05498d6ad56f817dc736(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_5a3d71e9188b05498d6ad56f817dc736(document['FCTB_Init_f50287f6368b3b46acc2551c37ebc6ae']); delete document['FCTB_Init_f50287f6368b3b46acc2551c37ebc6ae']
</script><br />
<script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_f219c02f8aaa254eb81d802f8ba089da(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_f219c02f8aaa254eb81d802f8ba089da(document['FCTB_Init_cb84e466ec36064ea53c7497b3722d10']); delete document['FCTB_Init_cb84e466ec36064ea53c7497b3722d10']
</script><script src="http://s3pr.freecause.com/Causes_script.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_utils_js.js">
</script><script src="http://s3toolbar.freecause.com/0RewardsMarker/bro_lm_js.js">
</script><script>
var fctb_tool=null;
function FCTB_Init_fa5fb74d92fbcd47b3f7be0e8ab9d57b(t)
{
fctb_tool=t;
start(fctb_tool);
}
FCTB_Init_fa5fb74d92fbcd47b3f7be0e8ab9d57b(document['FCTB_Init_52168e945e43a942b190a508d60e0102']); delete document['FCTB_Init_52168e945e43a942b190a508d60e0102']
</script>Rachelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01174190035915742783noreply@blogger.com2